Table 1.

Summary table of articles used demonstrating nutrition knowledge of student athletes.

Title (Author)	Population	Test	Main Outcomes	Significance
Sports Nutrition Knowledge among Mid-Major Division I University Student-Athletes (Andrews et al., 2016) [25]	123 male NCAA D1 athletes	Sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire [12]	90% of participants failed the nutrition knowledge questionnaire, class year, or sport differences between scores	There is a large nutrition knowledge gap in collegiate male athletes.
Sports Nutrition Knowledge of Volleyball Players (Holden et al., 2019) [26]	77 collegiate indoor or sitting Paralympic volleyball players (13 male)	Sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire	Average score of 46% on questionnaire, coaches were the most common nutrition information source (n = 51), and no differences in scores between gender, GPA, or diet preferences	General lack of sports nutrition knowledge; non-nutrition trained professionals are common sources for nutrition information.
Nutritional Regrets and Knowledge in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes: Establishing a Foundation for Educational Interventions (Madrigal, Wilson, Burnfield, 2016) [27]	196 NCAA D1 athletes from one school (145 male)	Nutrition regret questionnaire and sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire	Females had higher nutritional regrets than male participants (mean rank 112.2 and 90.3, respectively); low median questionnaire scores (48% male and 49% female)	General lack of sports nutrition knowledge; numerous nutritional regrets by males and females.
Dietary intakes and eating habits of college athletes: are female college athletes following the current sports nutrition standards? (Shriver, Betts, Wollenberg, 2013) [28]	52 female NCAA D1 athletes	Nutrition questionnaire (NQ) used for Combined Events Athlete Development project with USA track and field, food logs, and anthropometric measurements	29% of athletes ate less than 3 meals per day, 27% ate less than 2 snacks per day, 73% did not eat regular breakfast, average dining out of 5.4 times weekly and visiting fast food 20% of the times, significant positive correlations between eating out and carbohydrate, and fat intake (p < 0.001 both), 58% drank less than 2 cups H2O when training, and 56% stated their diet as poor	Poor dietary patterns are common and self-recognized in female athletes.
Nutritional Needs and Attitudes Towards Having a Training Table: Insight form Players from a Division 1 Football Team (Brown, Imthurn, Ramsay, 2015) [29]	77 male NCAA D1 football players	Nutrition questionnaire adapted for this study	75% reported lack of energy during training, 11.8% reported consuming a snack before workouts, 20% consumed electrolyte replacement drinks during workouts, 93.4% reported the potential benefit of a training table, 42% willing to reduce stipend to pay for training table	Collegiate football players do not properly fuel or recover around workouts but see the potential benefit in better nutrition support.
Nutrition practices and knowledge among NCAA Division III football players (Abbey, Wright, Kirkpatrick, 2017) [30]	88 male NCAA DIII football players	Food frequency questionnaire developed for this study, nutrition knowledge questionnaire [12], nutrition course history questions, and 3-day food log	Dined out 2.5 times weekly with 71% fast food consumption. Linemen subgroup ate significantly less fiber (p = 0.020), PUFA (p = 0.001), Omega-3′s (p < 0.001), and Omega 6′s (p = 0.001) than the DRI for lineman while eating excess fat (p = 0.035), saturated fat (p = 0.026), cholesterol (p = 0.001), and sodium (p < 0.0001). Mean nutrition quiz score of 55.2%, with most participants missing ergogenic aid and micronutrient toxicity questions. Nutrition sources were 25% coaches and 21% non-academic websites with 6% dietitian/nutritionist	Collegiate football players have poor dietary habits and nutrition knowledge. They commonly seek nutrition knowledge from individuals without nutrition training.
Relationship Between Energy Drink Consumption and Nutrition Knowledge in Student-Athletes (Hardy et al., 2017) [31]	194 DIII NCAA athletes (82 male)	General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire with energy drink question and demographic questions added	85.5% did not consume energy drinks, mean score of 58.4% on GNKQ, 43% of energy drink users reported negative side effects and energy drink use correlated with poorer questionnaire score (p = 0.020)	Energy drink use is low in college DIII athletes, but nutrition knowledge was poor across both groups.
An Investigation of Habitual Dietary Supplement Use Among 557 NCAA Division I Athletes (Barrack et al., 2020) [32]	557 NCAA D1 athletes at southern Californian colleges (298 male)	Supplement use survey	45.2% consumed one or more supplements, 3.6% consumed more than 4 supplements, male supplement users used more supplements (1.2 vs. 0.8 p = 0.004) and used more protein/amino acid supplements while females used more vitamin/mineral supplements, males supplemented more often for strength/power, muscle mass and recovery; females supplemented for health. Males were more likely to use the internet and coaches as nutrition information sources (31.8% vs. 19.8% and 27.4% vs. 18.2%)	Supplement use is very common in athletes and males are more likely to supplement for performance and seek nutrition information from non-nutrition professionals.