Table 2.

Effects of marine organism-derived PDRN through in vitro studies.

PublicationYear	Source	Stimulator	Cell	Outcomes	Target	Ref
2016	O. keta & O. mykiss	-	Mel-Ab & Co-culture of human melanocyte- keratinocyte model	↓ Synthesis of melanin ↓ Intracellular activity of tyrosinase ↓ Protein expression of MITF, tyrosinase, and TRP-1 ↑ Phosphorylation of ERK and AKT	Etc	[20]
2016	O. keta	-	U2OS &HDF	↑ Cell motilities	Wound healing	[8]
2017	O. mykiss	E. coli LPS (1& 10 ng/mL)	RAW 264.7	↓ Production of NO ↓ Secretion of IL-12 and TNF-α ↑ Secretion of IL-10 and VEGF-A	Inflammatory disease	[19]
2018	O. keta	IL-1β (10 ng/mL)	SW1353	↓ mRNA expression of CCL3, CCL4, CCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TLR3 ↓ Protein level of CCL3, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8	Inflammatory disease	[17]
2018	O. keta	H2O2 (2 mM)	CHON-001	↓ Cell damage induced by H2O2 ↓ Expression of COX-2, PGE2 and TNF-α	Degenerative joint disease	[21]
2018	O. keta	ZA (10 μM) & E. coli LPS (0.1 μg/mL)	RAW 264.7	↑ Cell viability ↓ Production of NO ↓ Expression of IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and TNF-α ↑ Expression of VEGF and A2AR	Inflammatory disease	[18]
2018		IL-1β (10 ng/mL)	SW1353	↑ Protein expression of aggrecan, ANG-2, PDGF, and VEGF ↓ Protein expression of endostatin, angiostatin, and MMP13 ↑ Cell migration	Degenerative joint disease	[22]
2018	O. keta	-	CCD-986SK	↑ Phosphorylation of ERK, FAK, and JNK ↑ Cell migration	Wound healing	[27]
2019	O. keta	-	HGF (neonatal)	↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Expression of VEGF and CD31	Wound healing	[28]
2019	O. keta	E. coli LPS (1 μg/mL)	SH-SY5Y	↑ Cell proliferation ↓ Production and expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α ↑ Phosphorylation of CREB and cAMP ↑ Expression of BDNF, cAMP and VEGF	Inflammatory disease	[25]
2020	O. keta	E. coli LPS (1 μg/mL) & TGF-β (5 ng/mL)	A549	↑ Cell viability reduced by LPS and TGF-β ↓ Expression of CTGF and hydroxyproline ↓ Expression of COL I, FGF, IL-6, and TNF-α	Etc	[24]
2020	O. keta	-	HDF & Diabetic HDF & HUVECs	↑ Cell proliferation and migration ↑ Expression of FGF and VEGF ↑ Vessel formation and density ↑ Total vessel network length	Wound healing	[8]
2020	O. keta	-	B16-F10 & CCD-986SK	↓ Activity of mushroom tyrosinase and the cellular tyrosinase ↓ Intracellular content and cellular level of melanin ↓ mRNA and protein expression of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP1, and TRP2 ↑ Mitochondrial density and the mtDNA contents ↓ Activity of in vitro collagenase and elastase ↓ Level of cellular MMP1 ↑ mRNA expression for mtDNA Antioxidant activity	Etc	[23]
2020	O. keta	PM10 (100 μg/mL)	NCI-H358	↓ Cytotoxicity induced by PM10 ↑ Concentration of cAMP ↓ Level of Caspase-3 and -9, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α ↑ Phosphorylation of CREB and PKA ↓ Expression ration of Bax/Bcl-2 ↓ Expression of Cyt c and Apaf-1	Etc	[16]

↓: Decrease ↑: Increase.