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. 2021 May 24;11(6):334. doi: 10.3390/metabo11060334

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of very low-to low-power cycling on energy expenditure (A), respiratory quotient (B), heart rate (C), and rate of perceived exertion (D) in men (in blue) and women (in red). Values are mean ± SEM. A paired t-test was applied for comparing no-load vs Rcs; **, ***: significant differences at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively, for both men and women. Repeated measure ANOVA was applied to the data across 5 to 50 watts to test for the effects of power (Pw), gender (Gd), or interaction (Pw x Gd); *, **, ***: significant differences at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively; ns: non-significant. Rcs: resting energy expenditure in car seat (baseline); RB: resting energy expenditure while sitting inactively (no cycling) on the bicycle ergometer; NL = No-load cycling: sitting (bicycle) and cycling at 60 rpm at no-load.