Table 3.
The 180° turn pre-to-post changes in performance, kinetics, and kinematic variables for IG and CG.
| Group | Variable | Pre | Post | Hedges’ g | Pre-Post Mean Difference | SWC | Ratio to SWC | Individual Responses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | g | ±CI | Mean | SD | (Positive, Non, Negative) | ||||
| IG | Completion time (s) | 2.712 | 0.122 | 2.616 b | 0.099 | <0.001 ** | −0.84 | 0.80 | −0.096c | 0.055 | 0.024 | 3.9 | 12-1-0 |
| GCT (s) | 0.484 | 0.067 | 0.456 b | 0.041 | 0.073 | −0.49 | 0.78 | −0.028 | 0.051 | 0.013 | 2.1 | 6-5-2 | |
| Approach velocity (m/s) | 3.96 | 0.33 | 4.00 | 0.24 | 0.625 | 0.13 | 0.77 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.6 | 8-1-4 | |
| PFC change in velocity (m/s) | −1.30 | 0.35 | −1.40 | 0.22 | 0.25 | −0.33 | 0.77 | −0.10 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 1.4 | 6-4-3 | |
| Velocity at FFC (m/s) | 2.65 | 0.21 | 2.60 | 0.26 | 0.374 | −0.24 | 0.77 | −0.06 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 1.4 | 5-3-5 | |
| Exit velocity (m/s) | 2.14 | 0.13 | 2.20 | 0.13 | 0.131 | 0.45 | 0.78 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 2.3 | 7-3-3 | |
| CG | Completion time (s) | 2.725 | 0.134 | 2.724 | 0.133 | 0.996 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.000 | 0.063 | 0.027 | 0.0 | 5-3-4 |
| GCT (s) | 0.529 | 0.092 | 0.511 | 0.085 | 0.157 | −0.20 | 0.80 | −0.018 | 0.041 | 0.018 | 1.0 | 6-2-4 | |
| Approach velocity (m/s) | 4.09 | 0.34 | 4.09 | 0.30 | 0.978 | 0.01 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.0 | 3-3-6 | |
| PFC change in velocity (m/s) | −1.38 | 0.20 | −1.42 | 0.20 | 0.332 | −0.15 | 0.80 | −0.03 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.8 | 5-4-3 | |
| Velocity at FFC (m/s) | 2.70 | 0.34 | 2.67 | 0.28 | 0.600 | −0.09 | 0.80 | −0.03 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.4 | 7-1-4 | |
| Exit velocity (m/s) | 2.27 | 0.31 | 2.21 | 0.30 | 0.276 | −0.19 | 0.80 | −0.06 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.9 | 4-3-5 | |
| IG | FFC mean HPF (BW) | −0.78 | 0.09 | −0.84 c | 0.07 | 0.058 | −0.74 | 0.79 | −0.06 b | 0.11 | 0.02 | 3.4 | 8-3-2 |
| FFC H to V mean propulsive ratio | 0.72 | 0.07 | 0.78 b | 0.04 | 0.006 * | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.06 b | 0.06 | 0.01 | 3.8 | 10-3-0 | |
| PFC mean HBF (BW) | −0.51 | 0.06 | −0.53 | 0.06 | 0.087 | −0.34 | 0.77 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1.8 | 7-2-4 | |
| PFC H to V mean braking force ratio | 0.66 | 0.03 | 0.70 c | 0.03 | <0.001 ** | 1.21 | 0.84 | 0.04 c | 0.03 | 0.01 | 5.7 | 12-0-1 | |
| CG | FFC mean HPF (BW) | −0.76 | 0.08 | −0.74 | 0.09 | 0.299 | 0.17 | 0.80 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.9 | 5-2-5 |
| FFC H to V mean propulsive ratio | 0.71 | 0.07 | 0.70 | 0.08 | 0.712 | −0.06 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.3 | 6-3-3 | |
| PFC mean HBF (BW) | −0.52 | 0.07 | −0.54 | 0.10 | 0.174 | −0.23 | 0.80 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 1.4 | 9-1-2 | |
| PFC H to V mean braking force ratio | 0.68 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.06 | 0.558 | −0.15 | 0.80 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.9 | 5-2-5 | |
| IG | Lateral trunk flexion (°) | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 7.5 | 0.602 | 0.15 | 0.77 | 1.0 | 6.6 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 6-4-3 |
| FFC trunk inclination (°) | 36.4 | 12.9 | 41.6 | 10.4 | 0.075 | 0.43 | 0.78 | 5.2 | 9.6 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 7-3-3 | |
| Pelvic rotation (°) | 76.9 | 10.0 | 83.2 | 9.0 | 0.061 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 6.3 | 11.0 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 7-3-3 | |
| IFPA (°) | 48.2 | 16.4 | 52.1 | 14.5 | 0.384 | 0.24 | 0.77 | 3.9 | 15.6 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 6-2-5 | |
| FFC KFA ROM (°) | 44.5 | 5.5 | 42.1 c | 4.1 | 0.012 * | −0.49 | 0.78 | −2.4 b | 3.0 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 9-2-2 | |
| PFC peak HFA (°) | 88.8 | 11.9 | 95.6 | 7.8 | 0.003 * | −0.65 | 0.79 | −6.8 b | 6.5 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 10-2-1 | |
| PFC peak KFA (°) | 113.0 | 6.9 | 114.0 | 6.6 | 0.458 | 0.14 | 0.77 | 1.0 | 4.5 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 6-0-7 | |
| CG | Lateral trunk flexion (°) | 10.9 | 11.7 | 12.6 | 10.2 | 0.224 | 0.15 | 0.80 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 5-6-1 |
| FFC trunk inclination (°) | 32.1 | 13.3 | 38.8 | 12.9 | 0.248 | 0.50 | 0.81 | 6.7 | 19.1 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 7-3-2 | |
| Pelvic rotation (°) | 89.2 | 24.9 | 92.2 | 22.0 | 0.140 | 0.12 | 0.80 | 3.0 | 6.6 | 5.0 | 0.6 | 3-8-1 | |
| IFPA (°) | 60.7 | 22.4 | 69.3 | 12.9 | 0.082 | 0.45 | 0.81 | 8.6 | 15.5 | 4.5 | 1.9 | 7-4-1 | |
| FFC KFA ROM (°) | 49.1 | 5.8 | 49.8 | 7.0 | 0.502 | 0.11 | 0.80 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 4-4-4 | |
| PFC peak HFA (°) | 89.5 | 18.7 | 91.1 | 19.9 | 0.337 | −0.08 | 0.80 | −1.6 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 3-6-3 | |
| PFC peak KFA (°) | 110.1 | 9.5 | 110.3 | 10.3 | 0.920 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 5-2-5 | |
| Trivial ES (≤0.19) | Small ES (0.20–0.59) | Moderate ES (0.60–1.19) | Large ES (1.20–1.99) | ||||||||||
Key: GCT: Ground contact time; FFC: Final foot contact; PFC: Penultimate foot contact; HPF: Horizontal propulsive force; HBF: Horizontal braking force; H: Horizontal; V: Vertical; KFA: Knee flexion angle; ROM: Range of motion; HFA: Hip flexion angle; IFPA: Initial foot progression angle; SD: Standard deviation; SWC: Smallest worthwhile change; IG: Intervention group; CG: Control group; CI: 95% Confidence interval; ES: Effect size; *: p ≤ 0.05; **: p ≤ 0.001; b: significantly different (p < 0.05) from CG with moderate effect size; c: significantly different (p < 0.05) from CG with large effect size.