Table 2.
Effects of analogs or receptor agonists/antagonists of PGs on fibrosis.
| Name | Experimental Subjects | Functions and Mechanisms |
|---|---|---|
| Butaprost (EP2 receptor agonist) |
Madin-Darby canine kidney cells/ unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model/ human precision-cut kidney slices |
Reduce the expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, and col1 by inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway [38,40] |
| ONO-0260164 (EP4 receptor agonist) |
cardiac fibroblasts/ cardiac hypertrophy mouse model |
Downregulate collagen type 1 and type 3 through PKA activation [51] |
| BW245C (DP receptor agonist) |
pulmonary fibroblasts/ bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model |
Inhibit TGF-β-induced proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro; ameliorate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and collagen in the lungs in vivo [60] |
| Rosiglitazone (PPAR-γ receptor agonist) |
myocardial fibroblast/ Ang II-infused rats |
Suppress Ang II-induced production of PAI-1 and ECM via interactions between PPAR-γand TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and JNK signaling pathways [68] |
| Beraprost, (PGI2 analog) |
cardiac fibroblast | Inhibit cardiac fibroblast proliferation by activating IP via suppressing TGF-β/Smad pathway [78] |
| HUVECs/ Kidney UUO mouse model |
Improve damaged peritubular capillaries, inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress, reliev EndoMT and ECM deposition in mice [79] | |
| Cicaprost, (PGI2 analog) |
noncardiomyocyte | Inhibit proliferation of noncardiomyo-cytes via activation of the IP receptor in vitro [71] |
| Iloprost (PGI2 analog) |
cardiac fibroblasts/ Angio-obliterative pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular(RV) failure rat model |
Improve RV function and reverse established RV fibrosis by preventing collagen synthesis and increasing collagen degradation [80] |
| bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis rat model | inhibit pulmonary fibrosis [81] | |
| ONO-1301 (PGI2 analog) ONO-1301SR/ONO-1301MS (sustained-release form of ONO-1301) |
cardiac fibroblast/ transverse aortic con-striction mouse model |
Suppress TGF-β-induced fibroblast proliferation, migration and myofibro-blast transition Downregulate fibrosis-related cytokines α-SMA, ECM, and TGF-β, upregulate cardioprotective cytokines HFG, VEGF, SCDF-1 [82] |
| chronic dust mite-induced asthma house model | Suppress airway hyperresponsiveness, allergic inflammation, the development of remodeling [83] | |
| dibutyltin dichloride induced chronic pancreastitis rat model | Attenuate pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting monocyte activity [84] | |
| ACT-333679 (IP receptor agonist) |
lung fibroblasts | Induce YAP/TAZ nuclear exclusion and suppress YAP/TAZ-dependent profibrotic gene transcription via activation of cAMP [85] |
| BAY-6672 (FP receptor antago-nist) |
silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis model | Exert beneficial effects via antagonizing FP [90] |
| KP-496 (dual antagonist of the cysLTs and TXA2 receptors) |
bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model | Decrease the numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and hydroxyl-L-proline content in BALF [103] |
| NTP42 (TP receptor antago-nist) |
monocrotaline induced pulmonary arterial hypertension rat model |
Reduce pulmonary vascular remodelling, inflammatory mast cell infiltration and fibrosis [104] |
| Terutroban (selective TP receptor antagonist) |
SHRSPs | Prevent expression of TGF-1β and HSP47 [105] |