Table 2.
Comprehensive summary on the anticancer effects of black cumin.
| Treatment with Doses | Experimental Model | Major Findings (Including Molecular Changes) |
References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seeds incorporated silver nanoparticles (NS-AgNP) (25–200 µg/mL) |
Human breast cancer cell line (HCC-712) | Dose-dependent cytotoxicity; ↓cell density | [95] |
| Aqueous seed extract (11.5 µg/mL) |
Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | Potent cytotoxic effect with IC50 11.5 µg/mL; ↑caspase-3,8 and 9, and Bax | [96] |
| NSO nanoemulsion (10–100 µL/mL) |
Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | ↓Cell proliferation; ↑apoptosis and necrosis | [97] |
| TQ (25 µmol/L) |
Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | Inhibit tumor cell growth; ↑p53; induce apoptosis | [98] |
| Seeds incorporated platinum nanoparticles (NS-PtNP) (25, 50, 100 and 150 µg/mL) |
HeLa cervical cancer and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines | Dose-dependent cytotoxic effect with IC50 value 36.86 µg/mL (MDA-MB-231) and 19.83 µg/mL (HeLa), respectively | [99] |
| TQ (0.78 µM) |
HeLa cervical cancer cell line | Dose-dependent antiproliferative effect | [100] |
| TQ (2, 4, 6 and 8 µM) |
Human colon cancer cell line (LoVo) | Inhibit metastasis; ↑JNK, p38; ↓P13K, ERK1/2, IKKα/β and NF-κB | [101] |
| TQ (20 µmol/L) |
Human colon cancer cell line (LoVo) | Reduce cell proliferation; ↓p-P13K, p-Akt, p-GSK3β, β-catenin and COX-2; ↓PGE2, LEF-1 and TCF-4 | [102] |
| TQ (10–120 µmol/L) |
Human bladder cancer cell lines (253J and T24) | Inhibit proliferation and metastasis; ↓MYC, Axin-2, MMP-7, MET and cyclin-D1; ↓Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade | [103] |
| TQ (40, 60 and 80 µM) |
Human bladder cancer cell lines (253J and T24) | Significant cytotoxicity and reduction in cell proliferation; ↑caspase-3, cleaved PARP, Bax, cyt c and AIF; ↑ER-stress marker GRP78, IRE1, ATF6, ATF4 and CHOP; ↓Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl; induce apoptosis | [104] |
| TQ (10–50 µM) |
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines (AsPC1 and MiaPaCa-2) | Inhibit cell viability; reduce tumor size; ↑p53, p21; ↓Bcl-2 and HDAC; induce apoptosis and G2 cell cycle arrest | [105] |
| TQ (0.5–20 µM) |
Human renal tubular epithelial cell line (HK2) and human renal cancer cell lines (769-P and 786-O) | Inhibit metastatic phenotype and epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ↑E-cadherin; ↓Snail, ZEB1 and vimentin; ↑LKB1/AMPK signaling | [106] |
| TQ (0–100 µmol/L) |
Human renal cancer cell lines (ACHN and 786-O) | Inhibition of metastasis; ↑LC3; ↑AMPK/mTOR signaling; induce autophagy | [107] |
| TQ (40 and 50 µM) |
Human kidney cancer cell lines (A498 and Caki-1) | Anti-proliferative effects with GI50 value 40.07 µM (A498) and 51.04 µM (Caki-1), respectively; ↑Bax; ↓Bcl-2 and p-Akt; induce apoptosis | [108] |
| Hexanic seed extract (0–150 µg/mL) |
Human ovary cancer cell line (A2780) | Strong cytotoxic activity of SF2 with IC50 10.89 µg/mL; ↑caspase-3 and 9; ↓MMP; induce apoptosis | [109] |
| Seed extract and NSO with OM-90(0.5 and 2.4 mg/mL) | AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line | Activates mitochondrial pathways; induce apoptosis | [110] |
| TQ (0.1–30 µM) |
Human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and DU145) | Inhibit metastatic phenotype and epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ↓TGF-β, Smad2 and Smad3 | [111] |
| TQ (0–80 µM) |
Head and neck squamous cells carcinoma cell lines (SCC25 and CAL27) | Dose-dependent cytotoxicity with IC50 value 12.12 µM (CAL27) and 24.62 µM (SCC25), respectively; induce apoptosis | [112] |
| TQ + Resveratrol (46 µM) |
Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) | Significant cell inhibition; ↑caspase-3; ↓GSH and MDA; induce apoptosis | [113] |
| NSO (50–250 µg/mL) |
Human liver cancer (HepG2), human breast cancer (MCF-7), human lung cancer (A-549) and normal human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell lines | High cytotoxic effect in HepG2 cells with IC50 48µg/mL; ↑ROS and LPO; ↓GSH and MMP; ↑p53, caspase-3 and 9, Bax; ↓Bcl-2; induce apoptosis | [114] |
| TQ (In vitro: 1–50 µMIn vivo: 20 and 100 mg/kg for 3 days; i.v.) |
TNBC cells and orthotopic TNBC xenograft mice model | Inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion; ↓tumor growth; ↓eEF-2K, Src/FAK and Akt | [115] |
| TQ + Paclitaxel (In vitro: 0–100 µM In vivo: 2.4 mg/kg/day for 12 days; i.p) |
Mouse breast cancer cell line (4T1) and EAC cells-induced female Balb/c mice model | Dose-dependent cytotoxicity; ↑caspase-3,7 and 12, PARP; ↓p65, p53 and Akt1; ↓JAK-STAT signaling | [116] |
| Ethanolic seed extract (250 mg/kg/day for 5 days, p.o.) |
Diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rat model | Antiangiogenic effect; ↓serum VEGF and AFP levels, and liver HGFβ level | [94] |
| Ethanolic seed extract and TQ (150, 250 and 300 mg/kg (extract) 6 days/week and 20 mg/kg (TQ) for 3 days/week, p.o.) |
Diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in albino-Wistar rat model | Reduction in cell proliferation; ↑Antioxidant activity; ↓PCNA, c-fos, Bcl-2; ↓EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling | [117] |
| TQ + 5-fluorouracil (35 mg/kg/day for 3 days/week for 9 weeks; p.o.) |
Azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in Wistar rat model | Subdues tumor growth; ↑TGF-β1, TGF-β/RII, Smad4, DKK-1, CDNK-1A and GPx; ↓Wnt, β-catenin, NF-κB, VEGF, COX2, iNOS and TBRAS | [118] |
| TQ + Piperine (10 mg/kg/day for 14 days; i.p) |
EMT6/P cells- inoculated Balb/c mice | Inhibit angiogenesis; ↓Tumor size; ↑serum INF-ᵧ level; ↓VEGF; induce apoptosis | [119] |
| TQ + Resveratrol (50 mg/kg/day for 14 days; i.p) |
EMT6/P cells- inoculated Balb/c mice | Inhibit angiogenesis; ↓Tumor size; ↑serum INF-ᵧ level; ↓VEGF; induce apoptosis | [120] |