Table 5.

Comprehensive summary on the cardioprotective and antihypertensive effects of black cumin.

Treatment with Doses	Experimental Model	Major Findings (Including Molecular Changes)	References
Hydroalcoholic extract of Seed (200 g of powder)	Rats with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (black cumin post-conditioning)	↑LVDP, RPP, and maximum up/down rate of the left ventricular pressure; protection against oxidative stress (↑SOD and CAT activities; ↓MDA and 4-HNE levels during early reperfusion)	[143]
Ethanolic seed extract (800 mg/kg)	Isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats	↑MI associated alteration and cardiac biomarkers, antioxidant markers, and biochemical activity of cardiac tissue	[144]
TQ (10 and 20 mg/kg, b/w, p.o. for 14 days)	Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice	↓Serum marker and ↑antioxidant enzymes; ↑heart antioxidant defense mechanisms; ↓LPO levels; ↓IL2 level	[148]
TQ (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ kg, for 28 days)	Diazinon-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats	Act as a natural antioxidant, lessen DZN cardio-toxicity and ameliorated cholinesterase activity	[149]
Hydroalcoholic seed extract (600 mg/kg) and TQ (40 mg/kg)	Angiotensin II-induced hypertension in rats	↓ SBP, MAP, and HR	[145]
Seed extract (300 mg twice daily for 28 days)	Randomized controlled clinical trial in elderly patients with hypertension	A slight but insignificant reduction of blood pressure	[146]
Black cumin virgin oil (twice a day in a dose of 0.5 mL p.o. for 45 days)	Clinical study on patients with mild-moderate hypertension	↓Total cholesterol, LDL and TGs; ↑HDL; ↓systolic pressure and diastolic pressure	[147]