Table 6.
Comprehensive summary on the hepatoprotective effects of black cumin.
| Treatment with Doses | Experimental Model | Major Findings (Including Molecular Changes) |
References |
|---|---|---|---|
| NSO (2.5 mL/kg BW) |
Ibuprofen-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice | ↓ALT, AST, and ALP | [162] |
| NSO (2 mL/kg) |
STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats | ↑CAT and GSH; histopathological picture and hepatic glycogen contents | [136] |
| NSO (300 mg oil/kg BW) |
CCl4-induced liver injury in rats | ↓ MDA, NO and TNF-α, AST and ALT; ↑unsaturated fatty acids | [154] |
| TQ (100 mg/kg/day BW) |
High-dose atorvastatin-induced hepatotoxicity in male SD rats | ↓Serum hepatic enzymes, MDA, protein carbonylation, and caspase 3 activity;↑GSH and CAT; histopathological and ultrastructural changes | [155] |
| TQ (20 or 40 mg/kg, p.o., daily) |
Ethanol-induced injury in C57BL/6 mice; TGF-β-induced injury in hepatic stellate cells |
↑PPAR-γ; ↑LKB1 and AMPK phosphorylation; ↑SIRT1 | [177] |
| Hydroethanolic seed extract (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) |
LPS-treated rats | ↓MDA, NO and IL-6, AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase; ↑ thiol content, SOD, CAT, serum protein, albumin | [166] |
| NSO (2 mg/kg/day) |
Irradiation-induced liver damage in rats | ↓AST, ALT, MDA, SOD, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β; ↑IL-10 | [158] |
| NSO (100 mg/kg) |
Gibberellic acid-treated pregnant albino rats | ↓ALT, AST, MDA, Bax, Hydropic degeneration, Cellular infiltration, periportalFibrosis; ↑SOD, CAT, GPx and Bcl-2 | [165] |
| TQ (400 mg/kg) |
Rat model of NAFLD associated with 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism | ↑CAT, NO, GSH, SOD; ↓MDA, steatosis score, lobular inflammation, NAFLD Activity Score, alpha-smooth muscle actin, intralobular and portal tract and CD68+ | [156] |
| TQ (5 or 20 mg/kg) |
Rat model of acetaminophen overdose-induced acute liver injury | ↓ALT, AST, MAPK Phosphorylation (JNK, ERK and P38 phosphorylation); PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway (PI3K, AKT, mTOR, IL-1B, P70S6K); DNA fragmentation and cellular damage; STAT3 phosphorylation, JNK phosphorylation; ↑GSH, GPx, AMPK and LKB1 | [159] |
| NSO (4 mL/kg 48 h) |
Carboplatin-induced liver damage in female Wistar-albino rats | ↓Apoptotic index, collagen fiber distribution around the central vein, hepatocyte cords preserved | [160] |
| Seed extract (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) |
PTU-induced hypothyroid rats | ↓MDA, ALK-P, AST and ALT; ↑thiol concentration, CAT and SOD, and body weight gain | [157] |
| TQ (4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg) |
Morphine-induced liver damage in male mice | ↑Liver weight; ↓mean diameter of hepatocyte, central hepatic vein, AST, ALT, and NO | [164] |
| Seed (1 g twice a day for 3 months) |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with NAFLD patients | ↓Bodyweight, normal fatty liver grading | [178] |
| Seed (5 g, drink as tea for 3 months) |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with NAFLD patients | ↓AST, ALT, body mass index, and grade of fatty liver | [161] |
| NSO (2.5 mL/person, every 12 h for 3 months) |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with NAFLD patients | ↓Grade of hepatic steatosis, ALT, AST, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C | [167] |
| Seed (2 g/day/person, for 12 weeks) |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with NAFLD patients | ↑ Insulin sensitivity check index; ↓serum glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis percentage | [179] |
| Seed (2 g/day/person, for 12 weeks) |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with NAFLD patients | ↓ hs-CRP and NF-κB, TNF-α, hepatic steatosis and its percentage | [168] |
| NSO (1 g/person, for 8 weeks) |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with NAFLD patients | ↑HDL-C; ↓ FBS, lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL), Liver enzyme (ALT and AST), inflammatory markers (Hs-CRP and IL-6) | [163] |