Table 8.

Comprehensive summary on the gastroprotective effects of black cumin.

Treatment with Doses	Experimental Model	Major Findings (Including Molecular Changes)	References
NSO (2 mL/kg BW, p.o.)	Cisplatin (CP)-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction in rats	↓BBM enzyme activities and BBMV; ↓carbohydrate metabolism enzyme activities and enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic antioxidant parameters in the intestine; ↑intestinal redox and metabolic status; restored BBM integrity	[196]
TQ (1.5 mg/kg BW)	CP-induced gastrointestinal damage in rats	↓CP induced specific activities of BBM marker enzymes; restoring the redox and metabolic status of intestinal mucosal tissue and preserving intestinal histoarchitecture	[197]
NSO (2 mL/kg BW, p.o.) and TQ (1.5 mg/kg BW, p.o.), for 14 days	CP-induced intestinal toxicity in rats	↑BBM enzyme activities; ↑carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and the enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic parameters of antioxidant defense system in the intestinal mucosa	[198]
Pectic polysaccharide of seed (200 mg/kg BW for 10 days)	Acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats.	↑Gastric mucin content, Cox-2, PGE2, ERK-2, MMP-2; ↓MMP-9 levels; ↓H+/K+-ATPase and free radical-mediated oxidation and cellular damages that improved speed and quality of ulcer healing	[199]
TQ (5 mg/kg)	Fasting-induced rabbit gastric ulcer model	↓ Volume and the total acidity of gastric secretion	[201]
NSO (0.2 mL/kg/day for 5 days)	Male Wistar albino rats with ischemia/ reperfusion injury (colonic anastomosis model)	↑Serum hydroxyproline levels, IL-6 level; ↓tissue levels and serum levels of TNF-α; ↓ edema and inflammatory cell infiltration; significant difference in Chiu classification	[202]
Dosin (6 g/day of black cumin seed and 12 g/day of honey)	Patients with H. pylori infection	Negative UBT after intervention; ↓median and interquartile range of total dyspepsia symptoms	[203]
Seed powder (2 g for 6 weeks)	Patients with moderate ulcerative colitis	↓ Stool frequency	[204]