Table 13.

Recent progress in nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery of TQ.

Nanoparticles	Method of Preparation	Size	Zeta Potential	Dose (EC)	Experimental Model	Indication	Benefits/ Advantages	References
TQ-loaded nanocapsule	Nanoprecipitation	70.21 nm	–45.3 mV	10 mg/kg TQ-loaded NCs	Streptozotocin plus nicotinamide–induced diabetic Wistar female albino rats	Anti-diabetes	Decrease blood glucose and HbA1c improvements in body weight and lipid profile	[316]
TQ-loaded phospholipid nanoconstructs	Micro-emulsification technique	83.44 nm	−0.65 mV	20 mg/kg	Wistar rats	Hepatoprotection	Enhanced hepatoprotective effect ratified by histopathological analysis Reduction in the ALP, ALT, AST, bilirubin, and albumin level	[317]
TQ-capped iron oxide nanoparticles	Co-precipitation method	10 nm	−33.4 ± 1.5 mV	0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25 mg/mL	MDA-MB-231 (epithelial, human breast cancer cell)	Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Cancer	TQ bioavailability	[318]
TQ-loaded chitosan-lecithin micelles		50 nm to 100 nm	-	200 µL of 20 mg/mL of TQ-PMs	Balb/c mice	Wound healing efficacy	Increased formation of somewhat organized collagen fibers and blood vessels Less inflammation	[319]
TQ-loaded nanoformulation	Emulsion solvent evaporation method	97.36 ± 2.01 nm	−17.98 ± 1.09	10 mg kg−1	Albino rats	Epilepsy	Improved THQ-brain- bioavailability improved the seizure threshold treatment	[320]
TQ-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles (TQ-TPP-Cs NPs)	Bio-fabrication and statistical optimization	391.4 ± 78.35	30.9 ± 3.02 mV	(141.91 mg/kg	Wistar rodents	Depression	Efficient in ameliorating the behavioral and neurochemical changes Improved motor activity and swimming time and increased immobility time Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine	[321]
TQ-loaded, hyaluronic acid (HA)-conjugated Pluronic® P123 and F127 copolymer nanoparticles (HA-TQ-Nps)		15–20 nm	--	1.5, 2, 3 μg/mL	Two human TNBC cell lines such as MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468	Triple-negative breast cancer	Pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activity Retarded cell migration of TNBC cells through up-regulation of microRNA-361 which in turn down-regulated Rac1 and RhoA mediated cell migration and also perturbed the cancer cell migration under the influence of the autocrine effect of VEGF-A	[322]
TQ-loaded polymeric nanocapsules	nanoprecipitation technique	217 to 231.5 nm	−36 to −39 mV	100, 200, 300, 400 μM	Colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, Caco-2)	Colon cancer	Higher cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells overexpressing sigma receptors Delineating anisamide as a promising ligand for active colon cancer targeting.	[323]
TQ solid lipid nanoparticles	solvent injection methods			20 mg/kg	Male Albino Wistar rats	Depression	Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) Reduced Activation of Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase Increased BDNF	[64]
Ethosomic TQ	Conventional method	20 ± 1 nm	−63 ± 2 mv		Human epithelial breast cancer cell lines MCF-7	Breast cancer	Highly cytotoxic for cancer cells	[324]