Table 2.

Results of the linear mixed-effects models to test the effect of centre–periphery in leaf and tree traits summarized on principal component axes

Approach and variables	Tree traits					Leaf traits
	Estimate	s.e.	d.f.	t-value	P-value	Estimate	s.e.	d.f.	t-value	P-value
1. Geographical
PC1	0.66	0.52	22	1.3	0.22	0.13	0.52	22	0.25	0.80
PC2	0.115	0.33	22	0.35	0.73	0.76	0.36	22	2.1	0.048
2a. Ecological (ecological niche modelling)
PC1	0.7	0.38	22	1.9	0.077	0.56	0.37	22	1.5	0.15
PC2	0.8	0.24	22	1.6	0.12	0.058	0.29	22	0.2	0.84
2b. Ecological (Mahalanobis and Euclidean distances)
PC1	0.36	0.42	22	0.84	0.41	-0.41	0.40	22	–1.01	0.32
PC2	–0.089	0.26	22	–034	0.74	0.48	0.29	22	1.6	0.12
3. Historical
PC1	1.06	0.34	22	3.1	0.005	0.161	0.39	22	0.41	0.68
PC2	0.37	0.24	22	1.6	0.13	0.32	0.29	22	1.12	0.27

Significant effects (P ≤ 0.05) are shown in bold. PC1, principal component 1; PC2, principal component 2.