Table 3. Number of cases tested for each etiologic agent and the testing methods employed for diagnosing patient deaths associated with hemorrhagic fever and/or neuroinvasive disease of unknown etiology in the state of São Paulo from 2009 to 2019.
| Etiological agent | IHC, n (%) | qPCR, n (%) | IHC and/or PCRa, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dengue | 1,034 (76) | 494 (36) | 1,130 (83) |
| Leptospira spp. | 905 (67) | 25 (2) | 912 (67) |
| Yellow fever | 517 (38) | 303 (22) | 562 (41) |
| Rickettsia | 697 (51) | 2 (< 1) | 698 (51) |
| Hantavirus | 361 (27) | 162 (12) | 413 (30) |
| Influenza | 113 (8) | 61 (5) | 152 (11) |
| Chikungunya | 24 (2) | 51 (4) | 62 (5) |
| Zika virus | 11 (1) | 30 (2) | 35 (3) |
a Some cases underwent both tests. Percentages from the 1355 cases (full dataset). IHC – immunohistochemistry; qPCR – real-time polymerase chain reaction.