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Possible values of associative strength for stimulus X (VX; color scale) after being presented in compound with an excitatory conditioned stimulus, A, and followed by the omission of reward (λ = 0). According to the Rescorla–Wagner model, the outcome depends on the associative strength of the companion stimulus A (horizontal axis) that of X (vertical axis) before the reward omission episode, and on learning rate (α = 0.12 is assumed).
