Fig. 1.

The metabolism, shuttle, transporters, receptor, and diverse functions (green boxes) of lactate in glycolytic cells. See text for details. GPR81, G-protein coupled receptor 81; HCA1, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1; ECM, extracellular matrix; ARRB2, arrestin beta 2; Gi, inhibitory G protein; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA, protein kinase A; MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADH, reduced form of NAD; LDHA, A form of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); ETC, electron transport chain; acetyl-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; FADH2, reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle; MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling; RIG-I, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; IFN, interferon.