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. 2021 Jun 24;12:3950. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24273-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Schematic representation of intrasplenic injection of KPC pancreatic cancer cells and treatment timeline with milk-derived EVs. b Representative whole-body imaging of luciferase signal on day 7 and 10 following intrasplenic injection of luciferase-KPC cells and during daily treatment with RM and CM EVs (low dosage: 25 mg/kg; higher dosage: 50 mg/kg). c Number of visible metastases in control and milk-derived EVs fed mice (n = 3). d Pathological and luminescence-based examination of liver metastases and quantification of visible metastases on the surface of the tissue (n = 3). Black arrows point at KPC metastases visible at the surface of the organ. e Quantification of liver metastases normalized to liver surface area in H&E sections. Black arrows point at metastases in the liver tissue. All data are represented as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical significance was determined by unpaired two-tailed t-test.