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. 2021 Jun 24;12:3950. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24273-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Orally administered milk-derived EVs can reduce the primary tumor burden and accelerate metastasis in a context-dependent manner. Milk EVs can induce senescence and EMT in the primary tumor thereby allowing for reduction in primary tumor and acceleration of metastasis. When the primary tumor is resected, milk-derived EVs induce senescence in the metastatic site thereby reducing the proliferation of cells seeded in distant sites.