Table 3.

Systemic and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytokines in animal models of direct lung injury.

`	Systemic	BALF	Time	n	Study
IL-8
Acid	330	6,700**	6 hrs	10	1
MIP-2
VILI	ND*	200	2 hrs	4	2
IL-1β
VILI	ND	30	2 hrs	4	2
IL-6
LPS	2,125	3,050	24 hrs	16	3
DNase/LPS	270	1,670	24 hrs	6	3
TNF-α
VILI	ND	ND	2 hrs	4	2
LPS	450	1,460	24 hrs	6	3
DNase/LPS	280	500	24 hrs	6	3

Values are means in pg/ml. The values were either given or approximated from measurements provided (transparent grid overlay). Time: time of sample collections in hours after direct insult to lungs. *ND, not detected. **Samples from distal small bronchi, presumed to represent alveolar fluid, contained 40,500 pg/ml IL-8. Study 1 (Folkesson et al., 1995): Hydrochloric acid given intratracheally to rabbits. Indices of lung injury: lung edema and systemic hypoxia, PMN infiltration. All rabbits died within 12 -14 hours after lung injury. Study 2 (Ricard et al., 2001): ventilator-induced lung injury in rats (VILI; 42 ml/kg tidal volume). Index of lung injury: Increased protein levels in BALF. Study 3 (Liu et al., 2016): lipopolysaccharide (LPS) given intratracheally to mice. Indices of lung injury: interstitial edema, PMN infiltration, hemorrhage, NET components in BALF and lung tissue. Intratracheal DNase reduced NET formation and lung injury. Compartment with higher levels in bold font.