Table 2.
Clinical features and outcomes in patients who did or did not develop AKI
| AKI (n = 36) | No-AKI (n = 60) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline features | |||
| Age (years) |
36/36 62 [58–69] |
60/60 61 [48–68] |
0.413 |
| Male sex (n-%) | 32 (89) | 43 (72) | 0.048 |
| BMI |
35/36 29 [26–33] |
57/60 28 [25–31] |
0.388 |
| Smoke, n (%) | 3(8) | 2 (3) | 0.304 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 23 (64) | 26 (43) | 0.051 |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 3 (8) | 3 (5) | 0.669 |
| Immunodepression, n (%) | 1 (3) | 3 (5) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 7 (19) | 5 (8) | 0.125 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 2 (6) | 4 (7) | 0.999 |
| SOFA score |
36/36 10 [8–12] |
60/60 8 [5–11] |
0.049 |
| Patients transferred from another ICU, n (%) | 25 (69) | 31 (52) | 0.087 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| PaO2:FiO2 |
36/36 108 [78–128] |
59/60 118 [93–173] |
0.109 |
| Creatinine admission (mg/dL) |
33/36 1.0 [0.9–1.9] |
56/60 0.8 [0.7–1.1] |
0.018 |
| BUN (mg/dL) |
16/36 60 [38–83] |
32/60 43 [30–56] |
0.226 |
| CRP (mg/L) |
33/36 238 [129–294] |
40/60 141 [68–255] |
0.027 |
| D-Dimer (µg/L) |
17/36 1417 [1105–4075] |
32/60 2045 [1394–10353] |
0.846 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) |
32/36 1.3 [1.1–1.6] |
58/60 1.2 [0.9–1.4] |
0.390 |
| WBC (*109/L) |
34/36 8565 [6390–12350] |
48/60 9225 [5970–11895] |
0.656 |
| Neutrophils (%WBC) |
32/36 89.3 [83.1–91.2] |
43/60 86.7 [77.0–91.6] |
0.574 |
| Lymphocytes (%WBC) |
31/36 6.0 [4.1–12.0] |
42/60 6.9 [4.5–14.6] |
0.122 |
| Ventilatory and hemodynamic data | |||
| PEEP at admission ICU (cmH2O) |
35/36 14.0 [12.0-1m8.0] |
59/60 12.5 [10.0–14.5] |
0.019 |
| Mean PEEP (cmH2O) |
36/36 14.5 [12.4–17.0] |
60/60 12.1 [10.4–14.3] |
0.003 |
| Cdyn (mL/cmH2O) |
34/36 31.4 [26.4–37.9] |
44/60 31.3 [26.4–35.3] |
0.754 |
| Neuromuscular blockade, n (%) | 35 (97) | 48 (80) | 0.028 |
| Neuromuscular blockade duration (days) |
36/36 9.0 [5.5–12.0] |
60/60 5.5 [1–10.5] |
0.036 |
| Prone positioning ICU, n (%) | 27 (75) | 33 (55) | 0.050 |
| Prone positioning duration (days) | 3 [1–5] | 1 [0–3] | 0.015 |
| Nitric oxide use, n (%) | 3 (8) | 8 (13) | 0.528 |
| Diuretic use, n (%) | 34 (94) | 55 (92) | 0.612 |
| Diuretic duration (days) |
36/36 7 [3–13] |
60/60 8 [3–13] |
0.542 |
| Cumulative urine output (L/28 days) |
36/36 19 [4–33] |
59/60 27 [12–43] |
0.109 |
| Fluid balance (L/28 days) |
34/34 1.3[(-5.3)-(+ 4.5)] |
58/60 -0.5 [(-5.3)-(+ 2.6)] |
0.091 |
| Outcomes | |||
| ICU LOS (days) |
36/36 15 [10–19] |
60/60 13 [7–21] |
0.208 |
| Mechanical ventilation within 48 h, n (%) | 36 (100) | 51 (85) | 0.024 |
| Mechanical ventilation (days) |
36/36 14 [8–18] |
50/60 11 [7–21] |
0.385 |
| ICU mortality, n (%) | 29 (81) | 20 (33) | < 0.0001 |
Data represent number of patients and percentage (%) or median [IQR]. For each parameter, if missing values are present, the number of available data is expressed. p values were calculated by non-parametric One-way ANOVA, χ2 test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate
BMI body mass index, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, WBC white blood cell count, Mean PEEP positive end expiratory pressure, for each patient, the average of the first 7 days after ICU admission was calculated, Cdyn dynamic respiratory system compliance, PaO2 arterial oxygen partial pressure, FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen, BUN blood urea nitrogen, CRP C-Reactive protein, ICU LOS intensive care unit length of stay