Table 2.
List of pathogenic organisms that kefir or kefir-associated organisms have demonstrated antimicrobial effects against.
| Microbial Species | Reference |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | |
| Bacillus cereus | Anselmo et al., 2010; Carasi et al., 2014; Kakisu et al., 2007; Medrano et al., 2008; Ulusoy et al., 2007 [80,81,82,83,84] |
| Bacillus subtilis | Chifiriuc et al., 2011 [85] |
| Bacillus thuringiensis | Miao et al., 2014 [86] |
| Clostridium difficile | Bolla et al., 2013; Rea et al., 2007 [87,88] |
| Clostridium perfringens | Anselmo et al., 2010 [80] |
| Enterococcus faecalis | Chifiriuc et al., 2011; Zanirati et al., 2015 [85,89] |
| Escherichia coli | Chifiriuc et al., 2011; Ebner et al., 2015; Garrote et al., 2000; Golowczyc et al., 2008; Gulmez & Guven, 2003; E. Kakisu et al., 2013; A. M. O. Leite et al., 2015; Meng et al., 2017; Miao et al., 2014; Miao, Liu, et al., 2016; Morgan et al., 2000; Rodrigues et al., 2005; Santos et al., 2003; Silva et al., 2009; Suriasih, 2011; Ulusoy et al., 2007; Yüksekdag et al., 2004; Zanirati et al., 2015 [43,84,85,86,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101] |
| Helicobacter pylori | Oh et al., 2002; Zubillaga et al., 2001 [102,103] |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Garrote et al., 2000; Yüksekdag et al., 2004 [90,101] |
| Listeria innocua | Morgan et al., 2000; Powell et al., 2007 [97,104] |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Gulmez & Guven, 2003; Jeong et al., 2017; A. M. O. Leite et al., 2015; Likotrafiti et al., 2015; Rodrigues et al., 2005; Santos et al., 2003; Ulusoy et al., 2007; Zanirati et al., 2015 [9,84,89,92,94,98,99,105] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Carasi et al., 2014; Huseini et al., 2012; Rahimzadeh et al., 2011; Rodrigues et al., 2005; Yüksekdag et al., 2004; Zanirati et al., 2015 [81,89,98,101,106] |
| Salmonella enterica | Golowczyc et al., 2008; A. M. O. Leite et al., 2015; Miao et al., 2014 [86,91,94] |
| Salmonella Enteriditis | Czamanski et al., 2004; R. J. Anselmo et al., 2001; Carasi et al., 2014; Chifiriuc et al., 2011; M. A. Golowczyc et al., 2007; Jeong et al., 2017; Santos et al., 2003; Ulusoy et al., 2007 [9,81,84,85,99,107,108] |
| Salmonella Gallinarum | Golowczyc et al., 2008 [91] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Marina A. Golowczyc et al., 2008; Meng et al., 2017; Rodrigues et al., 2005; Santos et al., 2003; Silva et al., 2009; Suriasih, 2011; Zanirati et al., 2015 [89,91,95,98,99,100] |
| Shigella dysenteriae | Miao et al., 2014 [86] |
| Shigella flexneri | P. A. Bolla et al., 2016; Santos et al., 2003 [99,109] |
| Shigella sonnei | Golowczyc et al., 2008; Silva et al., 2009 [91,100] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Carasi et al., 2014; A. M. O. Leite et al., 2015; Miao, Zhou, et al., 2016; Rodrigues et al., 2005; Silva et al., 2009; Ulusoy et al., 2007; Yüksekdag et al., 2004; Zanirati et al., 2015 [81,84,89,94,96,98,100,101] |
| Staphylococcus salivarius | Rodrigues et al., 2005 [98] |
| Streptococcus faecalis | Ismaiel et al., 2011 [110] |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | Rodrigues et al., 2005 [98] |
| Fungi | |
| Aspergillus flavus | Gamba et al., 2016; Miao et al., 2014 [86,111] |
| Aspergillus niger | Miao et al., 2014 [86] |
| Aspergillus ochraceus | Caro Vélez & León Peláez, 2014 [112] |
| Candida albicans | Rodrigues et al., 2005; Silva et al., 2009 [98,100] |
| Fusarium graminearum | Ismaiel et al., 2011 [110] |
| Penicillium glaucum | Miao et al., 2014 [86] |
| Rhizopus nigricans | Miao et al., 2014 [86] |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Topuz et al., 2008 [113] |
| Yersinia enterocolitica | Gulmez & Guven, 2003; Santos et al., 2003 [92,99] |