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. 2021 May 28;9(6):614. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9060614

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Physiopathology of endothelial dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ECs: endothelial cells; ACE2-R: angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor; HS: heparan sulphate; SDC1: syndecan-1; CD4+: cluster of differentiation 4 cells; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α; IL1: interleukin 1; IL6: interleukin 6; vWF: von Willebrand factor; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; NO: nitric oxide.