Table 3.

Summary of in vivo studies using phage therapy against E. coli from 2010 to date.

Infection Model	Bacteria	Phage Therapy	Outcome	References
G. mellonella	106 CFU/mL of 31 strains	103 PFU/mL myPSH1131	A single dose of phage was enough to reduce the bacterial load, but 3 doses were necessary to achieve survival	[65]
G. mellonella	20 µL with 108 CFU/mL	20 µL of 104 PFU/mL of ec311, doses every 6 h	3 doses were necessary to achieve 100% survival	[66]
Model of gut colonization in mice	EAEC O104:H4 55989Str strain	Cocktail of CLB_P1, CLB_P2 and CLB_P3 via oral by drinking water	Bacterial concentration got reduced after 24 h, but after phage withdraw, bacterial regrew	[67]
Model of gut colonization in rats	EAEC, EHEC, EIEC, EPEC ETEC, DAEC	Mix of 140 phages for 20 d via drinking water and oral injection or feeding with vegetable capsules	Growth of exogenous E. coli flora was suppressed	[68]
Mouse model of gut infection	106 CFU of Entretoaggregative strain	4 × 108 PFU of PDX	A reduction of the goal target bacteria was achieved in murine feces without dysbacteriosis, but not in human feces in vitro	[69]
Mouse model of sepsis	108 CFU/mL	IP 5 × 109 CFU/mL of a cocktail	100% of survival in treated mice after 100 h	[56]
Mouse model of sepsis	IV K1 IHE3034	107 PFU of IK1	High protection. Phages were accumulated in spleen	[70]
Mouse model of muscular infection	IM 40–50 µL of 108 CFU/mL of O18:K1:H7	106 PFU of K1 dep and K1 ind	K1dep resolved 100% of infections and K1 idp resolved 30% of cases	[71]
Mouse model of pneumonia	IN 536 bioluminescent and VAP strain	536_P1 and 536_P7 with MOI of 0.3, 3 and 10	100% of survival in all treated mice	[72]
Rabbit ileal loop	0.5 mL of 108 CFU/mL O157:H7	Cocktail with 0.5 mL of 106 PFU/mL of PAH6 and P2BH2	Reduction of accumulation of liquid in loop and decreased bacteria load	[73]

Abbreviation: CFU, colony-forming units; MOI, multiplicity of infection; PFU, plaque-forming units; IM, intramuscular; IV, intravenous; VAP, ventilator associate pneumoniae.