Table 4.
Multivariate linear regression analysis of the dimensions of the PDQ-39 and PDSI. Significant values: * p < 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.
| Characteristic | Mobility | ADL | Emotional Well-Being | Stigma | Social Support | Cognition | COMM | Bodily Discomfort |
PDSI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | - | - | −9.501 ** | - | - | −14.690 ** | 14.708 *** | −15.935 *** | - |
| Education | |||||||||
| Prim educ | - | −19.916 * | −2.724 | - | - | −10.254 | - | - | −5.500 |
| Sec educ | - | −10.033 | 6.384 | - | - | −3.862 | - | - | −0.308 |
| High educ | - | −19.108 | 2.349 | - | - | −13.301 | - | - | −7.136 |
| Labor sector | |||||||||
| Industrial | - | - | - | - | - | 4.320 | - | - | - |
| Service | - | - | - | - | - | −9.198 | - | - | - |
| Housewife | - | - | - | - | - | −3.394 | - | - | - |
| FH of PD | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −9.209 | - |
| Age of onset (≥50 yrs) |
- | - | - | - | 16.462 * | - | - | - | - |
| H&Y stage | |||||||||
| Stage 1.0 | 2.191 | 12.799 | 24.395 ** | - | - | 10.547 | - | - | 2.843 |
| Stage 1.5 | 15.799 | 16.987 | 31.801 *** | - | - | 20.986 | - | - | 9.914 |
| Stage 2.0 | −5.802 | 8.780 | 21.462 * | - | - | 1.416 | - | - | −2.190 |
| Stage 2.5 | 6.316 | 18.889 | 35.049 *** | - | - | 24.262 * | - | - | 10.307 |
| Stage 3.0 | 8.994 | 27.755 * | 22.300 * | - | - | 11.798 | - | - | 6.782 |
| Stage 4.0 | 35.241 ** | 43.954 *** | 31.939 *** | - | - | 23.514 * | - | - | 16.218 * |
| CS (MMSE) | |||||||||
| Suspec impair | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 23.930 ** | - |
| Cogn impair | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.019 | - |
| >1 treatment | - | −12.702 * | - | 6.355 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other diseases | |||||||||
| CVD | 8.399 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| PD | - | 21.810 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| AD treatment | - | - | 6.169 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BDI-II | 12.204 ** | 15.856 ** | 16.812 *** | 8.318 ** | 6.946 | 14.234 *** | 18.374 *** | −0.926 | 12.423 *** |
| STAI-T | 7.976 | 2.791 | 14.011 *** | 4.851 | - | 5.622 | 3.266 | 13.017 * | 6.019 * |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.3982 | 0.4005 | 0.5500 | 0.1307 | 0.0506 | 0.4320 | 0.2120 | 0.2524 | 0.4908 |
PDQ-39: The 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire; PDSI: Parkinson’s Disease Summary Index; ADL: Activities of daily living; COMM: Communication; Prim educ: Primary education; Sec educ: Secondary education; High educ: Higher education; FH of PD: Family history of Parkinson’s disease; H&Y stage: Hoehn and Yoehn stage; CS: Cognitive status; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; Suspec Impair: Suspected impairment; Cogn impair: Cognitive impairment; CV disease: Cardiovascular disease; PD disease: Pulmonary disease; AD: Antidepressant; BDI-II: The Beck Depression Inventory-II; STAI-T: The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait scale.