Table 3.
Association between caffeine intake (100 mg/day) and HbA1C, cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood pressure for all participants and clustering by gender.
| Health Outcome | All Participants † | Female ‡ | Male ‡ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD) | Change in Health Outcome/100 mg Caffeine * (95%CI) | p Value | N | Mean (SD) | Change in Health Outcome/100 mg Caffeine (95%CI) |
p Value | N | Mean (95%CI) |
Change in Health Outcome/100 mg Caffeine (95%CI) |
p Value | |
| HbA1c | 100 | 8.5 (2.1) | 0.3 (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.866 | 50 | 8.5 (2.3) | 0.3 (−0.4, 1.0) | 0.348 | 50 | 8.6 (2.01) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.3) | 0.661 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 85 | 172.6 (53.0) | 3.4 (−4.7, 11.7) | 0.400 | 40 | 172.5 (58.2) | 4.3 (−16.2, 24.8) | 0.672 | 45 | 172.8 (48.66) | 4.1(−4.8, 13.1) | 0.358 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 81 | 47.7 (21.8) | 1.5 (−1.97, 5.02) | 0.389 | 39 | 50.6 (24.3) | 3.2 (−5.6, 11.9) | 0.464 | 42 | 44.9 (19.03) | 1.1 (−2.5, 4.9) | 0.519 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 75 | 100.9 (45.6) | 0.72 (−6.4, 8.1) | 0.844 | 34 | 102.3 (48.3) | 9.9 (−7.5, 27.4) | 0.252 | 41 | 99.7(43.80) | −1.6 (−10.1, 6.9) | 0.706 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 87 | 137.5 (100.2) | 2.0 (−13.1, 17.1) | 0.791 | 42 | 141.9 (116.1) | −6.7 (−45.4, 31.8) | 0.724 | 45 | 133.4 (84.01) | 3.5 (−11.9, 19.1) | 0.645 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||||||
| Diastolic | 96 | 71.0 (10.6) | −1.1 (−2.4, 0.33) | 0.135 | 48 | 68.4 (9.5) | −0.9 (−3.8, 2.0) | 0.529 | 48 | 73.5 (11.06) | −1.1 (−2.7, 0.6) | 0.194 |
| Systolic | 96 | 140.8(21.9) | −0.7 (−3.9, 2.4) | 0.646 | 48 | 139.7 (20.5) | −1.5 (−7.8, 4.7) | 0.624 | 48 | 141.9 (23.33) | −0.4 (−4.3, 3.64) | 0.855 |
N = number of participants’ complete information; * approximately 8-ounce cup of coffee closer to 80 to 100 mg caffeine. † The associations were assessed by using regression model-2 with adjusting for BMI, age, gender, smoking, and EI. ‡ The associations were assessed by using regression model-3 with adjusting for BMI, age, smoking, and EI.