Figure 4.

The 3D cell culture pulmonary models include scaffold-base, organoids, organotypic raft culture, and organ-on-a-chip. The objective is to emulate viral tropism, infective cycle, and replication process. Instead, 3D cell culture extrapulmonary models have been evaluated in organoids and organ-on-a-chip, except for the blood–brain barrier, which only includes scaffold-base models. The gut-on-a-chip model includes a few of the 3D cell culture models where therapeutic drugs like remdesivir are evaluated.