Table 1.
Asthma phenotyping—evolution and modern approach.
| Asthma phenotypes according to etiology |
|---|
| Allergic asthma—previously extrinsic |
| Non-allergic asthma—previously intrinsic |
| Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease AERD (usually connected to nasal polyposis, Samter’s triad or syndrome de Widal) |
| Exercise-induced asthma |
| Occupational asthma |
| Asthma phenotypes according to clinical characteristics |
| Obesity-related asthma |
| Smoking-associated asthma |
| Cough variant asthma |
| Persistent asthma |
| Intermittent asthma |
| Premenstrual asthma |
| Preschool asthma |
| Post-puberty asthma |
| Early-onset asthma |
| Infantile asthma |
| Late-onset asthma |
| Very late-onset asthma |
| Exacerbations-prone asthma |
| Atypical asthma |
| Classic asthma |
| Asthma phenotypes with underlying diseases |
| Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg–Strauss syndrome) |
| Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) |
| Asthma with bronchiectasis |
| Asthma with immunodeficiency |
| Asthma with α-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) |
| Asthma phenotypes according to pulmonary function results |
| Reversible asthma (with normalization of lung function) |
| Asthma with fixed airway obstruction (FAO) |
| Asthma with non-reversible airflow limitation (negative bronchodilatortest to salbutamol) |
| Restrictive ventilatory disorders such as asthma |
| Airway hyperresponsiveness |
| Asthma with a high inflammatory component (measured by fractional exhaled nitric oxide FeNO) |
| Asthma with a low inflammatory component (measured by fractional exhaled nitric oxide FeNO) |
| Brittle asthma (wide variation of peak expiratory flow (PEF)) |
| Asthma phenotype according to cellular composition of airway inflammation |
| Eosinophilic asthma |
| Neutrophilic asthma |
| Mixed asthma |
| Paucigranulocytic asthma |
| Asthma phenotypes based on treatment response and level of asthma control |
| Severe asthma |
| Difficult–to-treat asthma |
| Refractory asthma |
| Treatment-resistant asthma |
| Problematic asthma |
| Uncontrolled asthma |
| Steroid-resistant asthma |
| Steroid-dependent asthma |
| Asthma with a history of respiratory failure and/or intubation and mechanical ventilation |
| Mild asthma |
| Benign asthma |
| Asthma phenotypes based on the level of type 2 cytokine profile (modern approach) |
| T2 high asthma |
| T2-low (or non T2-high) |
| Asthma phenotypes according to etiology |
| Allergic asthma—previously extrinsic |
| Non-allergic asthma—previously intrinsic |
| Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease AERD (usually connected to nasal polyposis, Samter’s triad or Syndrome de Widal) |
| Exercise-induced asthma |
| Occupational asthma |