Table 3.
Nanoparticulate formulations stabilized with PVA.
| Polymer | Surfactant | NP Size (nm) |
PDI | Z-Potential (mV) |
Drug | EE or DL | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLGA | 2% | 215.3 ± 23 | 0.071 | −10.3 ± 2.3 | Chlorogenic acid | DL = 2.25 ± 0.21% | As a promotor of type 17 collagen production | [165] |
| PLGA | 1–2% w/v and 1.5% w/v | 150 ± 10.4 | 0.081 ± 0.030 | 17.7 | IFN-beta-1a | EE = 96.2% | To diminish symptoms of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis | [166] |
| PLGA | 0.1% | 213.8 ± 34.99 | 0.232 ± 0.021 | −52.6 ± 9.483 | Curcumin and ovalbumin | EE = 30% Cur; 16% Ova | Use as sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in a mouse model of rhinitis allergic | [167] |
| PLGA | 2% | 172.6 ± 6.20 to 271.9 ± 18.2 | 0.070 ± 0.02 to 0.301 ± 0.03 | N.A. | Ketoconazole | EE = 94.99% ± 3.45 to 97.53% ± 2.33 | Treatment against Candida albicans | [168] |
| PLGA | 2% | 198.6 ± 5.4 (before freeze-drying) 299.8 ± 2.2 (after freeze-drying) |
0.160 ± 0.033 (before) 0.412 ± 0.028 (after) |
−20.8 ± 1.4 (before) −16.6 ± 1.1 (after) |
Bevacizumab | DL = 1.62 ± 0.01% (before freeze-drying) | Antiangiogenic therapy | [169] |
| PLGA | 0.3% (w/v) | 140 | 0.463 | N.A. | Farnesol | N.A. | Antibiofilm activity, against Candida albicans | [170] |
| PLGA | 0.5% to 5% | 127 ± 0.90 to 289 ± 1.56 | 0.191 ± 2.66 to 0.259 ± 2.67 | −30.43 to −30.89 | Bicalutamide | N.A. | For the treatment of prostate cancer | [171] |
| PLGA | 0.3% (w/w), 1.0% (w/w), and 3.0% (w/w) | 121 to 259 | 0.05 to 0.20 | −27 to −34.4 | FLAP/PGES-1 Inhibitor BRP-187 | DL = 0.5 to 7.29% | A promising drug candidate due to its improved anti-inflammatory efficacy with potentially reduced side-effects in comparison with NSAIDs | [172] |
| PLGA | 1% | 183.7 ± 72.21 | N.A. | −41.1 ± 4.81 mV | p66shc siRNA | EE = 32.3% | To ameliorate neuropathic pain following spinal nerve ligation | [173] |
| PLGA | 1.0% (w/v) | 110.0 ± 41.0 | N.A. | N.A. | 17 beta-estradiol | N.A. | To improve low bone mineral density of cancellous bone caused by osteoporosis | [174] |
| PLGA | 4% | 211 ± 74 | N.A. | −14.2 ± 0.8 | Thioridazine | DL = 26.5% | To reduce toxicity against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish | [175] |
| PLGA | 1% | 198 ± 0 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | −78 ± 1 | Combretastatin A4 | EE = 32 ± 3% DL = 0.41 ± 0.02% |
To improve physicochemical characteristics of combretastatin A4, a natural potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor | [176] |
| PLGA | 1% | 119 ± 9 to 206 ± 27 | 0.220 to 0.401 | −4.38 to −5.24 | Curcumin | EE = 77.81 to 92.64% DL = 7.86 to 10.53% |
Toxicity on human glioblastoma U87MG cells | [177] |
| PLGA | 0.5% w/v | 186.6 | 0.108 | −28.8 | Recombinant ArgF | EE = 76% DL = 2.6% |
For potential use for the prevention of Mycobacterium bovis infection | [178] |
| PLGA | 5.21 mg/mL | 202.8 ± 2.64 | 0.17 ± 0.016 | N.A. | Resveratrol | EE = 89.32 ± 3.51% | For prostate cancer cells | [179] |
| PLGA | 1% | 225.9 | 0.257 | −10.9 | Curcumin and Niclosamide | EE = 58.31% Cur and 84.8% Nic DL = 2.92% Cur and 4.24% Nic |
To improve therapeutic effect on breast cancer cells | [180] |
| PLGA | 0.5% w/w | 496 ± 8.5 | 0.607 | −18.41 ± 3.14 | Rivaroxaban | EE = 87.9 ± 8.6% DL = 9.5 ± 1.6% |
Anticoagulant medication to prevent blood clots | [181] |
| PLGA | 1% w/v | 110 ± 1 | 0.117 ± 0.003 | −1.29 ± 0.35 | Doxorubicin | EE = 80% | For chemotherapy of glioblastoma | [182] |
| PLGA | 1% w/v | 527 ± 50.21 | 0.26 | N.A. | Olmesartan medoxomil | EE = 78.65 ± 4.31% | To increase the bioavailability of the drug to treat hypertension | [183] |
| PLGA | 1% w/v | 180 ± 8 | 0.04 | −8.59 ± 0.20 | Paclitaxel and methotrexate | EE = 70% MTX and 88% PTX DL = 4% MTX and 5% PTX |
Treatment against glioblastoma | [184] |
| PLGA | 3% w/v | 152.8 ± 2.65 | 0.187 ± 0.024 | −30.9 ± 1.67 | Lipophosphoglycan molecule (LPG) and leishmania antigen (ALA) | EE = 14% ALA, 28% LPG DL = 28% ALA, 12% LPG |
For a potential nanovaccine to prevent leishmaniasis | [185] |
| PLGA | 0.5% w/v | 114.7 to 124.8 | 0.113 to 0.147 | N.A. | Diclofenac sodium | EE = 41.4% to 77.8% | For inflammatory diseases | [186] |
| PLGA | 3% w/v | 252.6 ± 2.854 | 0.209 ± 0.008 | −23.7 ± 1.36 | Rutin | EE = 81 ± 5% | As a candidate for further multidisciplinary studies (support blood circulation, allergies, viruses, etc.) | [187] |
| PLGA | 4% w/v | 182.2 ± 11.40 | 0.147 ± 0.01 | N.A. | Doxorubicin | EE = 75.3% DL = 4.9% |
To arrest glioblastoma growth via intranasal delivery | [188] |
| PLGA | 3% | 191.92 ± 2.3 to 273.70 ± 1.9 | 0.070 ± 0.014 to 0.237 ± 0.030 | −6.87 ± 0.1 to −11.5 ± 0.4 | Dexamethasone | EE = 94.39 ± 2.70% to 95.02 ± 2.98% DL = 3.27 ± 0.58% to 5.43 ± 0.63% |
Potential treatment of oral precancerous lesions | [189] |
| PLGA | 2% w/v | 229.5 ± 38.4 to 379.2 ± 21.6 | 0.36 ± 0.02 to 0.73 ± 0.13 | −1.2 ± 1.1 to −3.9 ± 0.5 | Ethanolic Extract of Propolis | EE = 89.90 ± 0.8% to 92.1 ± 0.5% DL = 28.6 ± 1.1% to 56.7 ± 3.4% |
As a treatment against Candida albicans | [190] |
| PLGA | 1% | 97.36 ± 2.01 | 0.263 ± 0.004 | −17.98 ± 1.09 | Thymoquinone | EE = 82.49 ± 2.38% Dl = 5.09 ± 0.13% |
For the treatment of epilepsy | [191] |
| PLGA | 2% w/v | 200 ± 05 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | N.A. | Budesonide | EE = 85 ± 3.5% | To target the inflammation of mucosa | [192] |
| PLGA | 1.0% w/v | 277 | 0.18 | −16 | Cymbopog citratus essential oil | EE = 73% | As a vehicle for this essential oil with anti-inflammatory, antifungal, sedative, antibacterial, antiviral and anticarcinogenic properties | [193] |
| PLGA | 1% w/v | 118 to 279 | 0.103–0.581 | N.A. | Quercetin | EE = 73.55 ± 2.11% to 86.48 ± 1.67% | Potential vehicle for the antioxidant quercetin | [194] |
| PLGA | 5% w/v | 105 ± 3 | N.A. | −36 ± 5 | Surfactant Protein D (SP-D) | EE = 59 ± 4% | As a potential treatment for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants | [195] |
| PLGA | 2% w/v | 154 ± 4.56 | 0.29 | −18.4 | Ursolic Acid | EE = 40 ± 3.24% DL = 4 ± 1.12% |
Potential vehicle to deliver the drug against different bearing cell lines | [196] |
| PLGA | 0.5–1.5% w/v | 200 | N.A. | −17.5 | Zaleplon | DL = 5% | For treatment of insomnia | [197] |
| PLGA | 1% w/w | 244.3 ± 4 to 262.8 ± 7 | N.A. | −8.8 ± 0.8 to −17.4 ± 1.0 | Quercetin | EE = 96.2 to 97.8% | To treat foodborne pathogens | [198] |
| PLGA | 1% (w/v) | 211 ± 3 | 0.211 ± 0.009 | N.A. | Clofazimine | DL = 12 ± 1% | To decrease toxicity of the antimicrobial drug | [199] |
| PLGA | 1.5% (w/v) | 268 ± 2.7 | 0.110 ± 0.026 | N.A. | Atrazine | EE = 31.6 to 50.5% | Potential herbicide release system for agriculture | [200] |
| PLGA | 1% | 192.6 ± 3.5 | 0.234 ± 0.008 | −32.4 | Atenolol | EE = 71.65 ± 1.8% | Drug carrier of a β-blocker for cardiovascular disorders | [201] |
| PLGA | 2% (w/v) | 294 ± 15 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | −20.4 ± 2.5 | Insulin | DL = 12.1 ± 0.6% | To optimize the PLGA formulation and lyophilization | [202] |
| PLGA | 2.5% | 184 ± 7 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | −21.7 | Rhodamine-B | EE = 40 ± 2.94% | Potential probes for the drug delivery in cardiac myocytes | [203] |
| PLGA | 2% w/v | 133.3 ± 10.4 | 0.087 ± 0.009 | −16.1 ± 4.5 | Trastuzumab | EE = 42.8 ± 1.6% | Potential vehicle for therapeutic antibodies to avoid current limitations | [204] |
| PLGA | 0.5% w/v | 281.9 to 307.3 | 0.317 to 0.451 | −32.8 ± 1.6 to −43.4 ± 2.6 | Apremilast | EE = 39.5 ±1.1% to 61.1 ± 1.9% DL = 1.3 ± 0.1% to 1.9 ± 0.1% |
For the treatment of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis | [205] |
| PLGA | 3% w/v | 150 ± 7 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | −23.8 ± 0.8 | Rifapentine | EE = 85 ± 8% | For a treatment against tuberculosis | [206] |
| PLGA | 2.5% (w/v) and 0.25% (w/v) | 157.7 | 0.071 | −35.1 | Indocyanine Green and Resiquimod | EE = 65.61 ± 2.09% ICG and 8.363 ± 0.325% R848 | For prostate cancer treatment | [207] |
| PLGA | 1% | 226.6 ± 44.4 | 0.039 ± 0.013 | −0.144 | Ketotifen Fumarate | EE = 89.3 ± 3.3% | Vitamin D binding protein | [208] |
| PLGA | 1% (w/v) | 120 ± 1 | 0.104 ± 0.011 | −11.6 ± 0.8 | Doxorubicin | EE = ~80% | For the delivery of the drug into U87 human glioblastoma cells | [209] |
| PLGA | 0.5% w/v | 210.0 ± 4.8 to 317.5 ± 4.7 | 0.190 ± 0.39 to 0.394 ± 0.53 | −8.3 ± 2.1 to −19.3 ± 0.2 | Dexamethasone | EE = 10.4 ± 2.6% to 64.9 ± 0.6% DL = 0.67 ± 0.2% to 7.17 ± 3.2% |
For treatment of oral mucositis | [210] |
| PLGA | 1% w/v | 167.6 ± 0.37 | 0.118 | −16.17 ± 0.53 | Loteprednol etabonate | EE = 96.31 ± 1.68% | For the delivery of the drug into the cornea | [211] |
| PLGA | 1% (w/v) | 164.6 | 0.203 | −17.6 | Doxorubicin and Sorafenib | EE = 74% Dox, 67% Sor | For a cancer treatment using nanotherapeutics | [212] |
| PCL | 3.0% | 188.5 ± 1.7 | 0.160 ± 0.022 | −15.03 ± 2.83 | Lapazine | EE = 35.82 ± 1.47% DL = 54.71% |
For antitubercular treatment | [213] |
| PCL | N.A. | 202 ± 24 to 389 ± 37 | 0.08 to 0.164 | −4.92 ± 0.88 to −8.29 ± 1.04 | Nigella sativa oil | EE = 71.6 to 98.6% | For leishmaniasis treatment | [214] |
| PCL | 2.0% w/v | 311.6 ± 4.7 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | −16.3 ± 3.7 | Carboplatin | EE = 27.95 ± 4.21% | Intended to use for intranasal administration to improve brain delivery | [215] |
| PCL | 2% to 3% | 275.23 ± 4.56 to 452.30 ± 9.02 | 0.09 to 0.35 | −4.41 ± 1.21 to −14.77 ± 4.42 | 5-fluorouracil | EE = 94.53 ± 0.23% to 96.82 ± 0.46% | For colon cancer treatment | [216] |
Abbreviations: N.A. = Not Available; EE = Entrapment efficiency; DL = Drug Loading; PDI = Polidispersity Index; PLGA = Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); NSAIDs = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.