Table 1.
Relevant studies for musical therapy.
| Alternative Therapy |
Diseases or Neurological Disorder | Effects on Patients | Effects on Caregivers | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group music program | Mild-moderate dementia | Increased verbalization behavior No significant effect on agitation and anxiety |
N/A | Cooke M.L., 2010 [17] |
| Music or conversation interventions | Dementia | Improvement in speech content and fluency after music sessions | N/A | Brotons M, 2000 [18] |
| Reminiscence therapy (including music) | Dementia Alzheimer’s disease |
Evaluation of ADAS-Cog, CSDD, NPI, Barthel Index | N/A | Li, M., 2017 [19] |
| Home therapeutic recreation intervention | Dementia Agitation Passive behavior |
Reduced disturbing behaviors | Respite period communication, emotional support |
Fitzsimmons, S.; Buettner, L.L., 2002 [20] |
| Calming music, hand massage | Dementia | Reduced agitation | N/A | Remington, R., 2002 [21] |
| Music-based exercises | Moderate or severe dementia | Improvement in cognition | N/A | Van de Winckel A., 2004 [22] |
| Group music with movement intervention | Dementia | Decreased in agitated behaviours | N/A | Sung, H., 2006 [23] |
| Recreational activities (including musical therapy) | Dementia | Icreased mood and level of consciousness | N/A | Schreiner, A.S., 2005 [24] |
| Musical therapy | Moderate or severe Alzheimer’s disease | Reduced agitation and anxiety | N/A | Svansdottir HB, Snaedal J., 2006 [25] |
| Music therapy | Dementia Depression Cortisol Levels |
Reduced depression Improved shot-term recall function |
N/A | Chu H., 2014 [30] |
| Musical therapy | Dementia | Cognition, psychiatric symptoms, Daily activities |
N/A | Lyu J., 2018 [31] |
| Music therapy | Dementia | Decreased agitation disruptiveness and psychotopic medication | N/A | Ridder H.M., 2013 [32] |
| Music therapy Recreational activities |
Dementia | Short-term decrease in agitation | N/A | Vink A.C., 2012 [33] |
| Music therapy (ML) Kirtan Kriya meditation (KK) |
Dementia Cognitive decline Telomere length (TL), telomerase activity (TA), and plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) levels |
KK group increases Aβ40, improvement in cognitive and psychosocial status, improvements in stress, mood, QOL | N/A | Innes K.E., 2018 [40] |
| Music-based therapeutic interventions | Dementia | Low improvement in depressive symptoms, QOL No improvement in agitation or behavioral disorder |
N/A | van der Steen J.T., 2017 [41] |
N/A: not available; ADAS-Cog: The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale; SDD: Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; NPI: neuropsychiatric inventory; KK: Kirtan Kriya meditation; Aβ40: plasma amyloid-β40; QOL: Quality of life