Table 2.
Studies characteristics regarding musical therapy.
| Study First Author, Year | Design | Study Focus | Intervention Type | Duration | Outcomes Measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cooke M.L., 2010 [17] | Randomized cross-over controlled study | Dementia | Experimental group: music therapy interventions (listening) | 40 min, three mornings a week for eight weeks | CMAI-SF, RAID |
| Brotons M, 2000 [18] | Randomized controlled trial | Alzheimer’s and related disorders | Music therapy vs. conversation sessions | Twice per week for 20–30 min for a total of 8 sessions | MMSE, WAB, AQ |
| Li, M., 2017 [19] | Randomized controlled trial | Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease |
Reminiscence therapy (including musical therapy) | 35 to 45 min, 2 times/week for 12 consecutive weeks | ADAS-Cog, CSDD, NPI, Barthel Index |
| Fitzsimmons, S., Buettner, L.L., 2002 [20] | Quasi-experimental study | Dementia and disturbing behaviors | Individualized recreational therapy interventions | Two weeks of daily, individualized recreational therapy interventions (TRIs) | MMSE, CMAI, Passivity in Dementia Scale |
| Remington, R., 2002 [21] | Randomized cross-over controlled study | Dementia, Agitated behavior |
Experimental | 10 min exposure to either calming music, hand massage, or calming music and hand massage simultaneously | CMAI, Ward Behavior Inventory, Confusion Inventory |
| Van de Winckel A., 2004 [22] | Randomized controlled trial | Dementia | Experimental | 3 months of daily physical exercises supported by music for 30 min/session | MMSE, ADS 6, BOP Scale |
| Sung, H., 2006 [23] | Randomized controlled trial | Dementia | Experimental group receiving group music with movement intervention | 30 min, twice a week for 4 weeks | Modified CMAI, Likert Scale |
| Schreiner, A.S., 2005 [24] | Randomized control trial | Dementia Alzheimer’s | Structured observation | Structured recreation activities (including musical therapy) | Philadelphia Geriatric Centre Affect Rating Scale, MMSE |
| Svansdottir H.B., Snaedal J., 2006 [25] | Case-control study | Moderate or severe Alzheimer’s disease | Experimental group: music therapy interventions | 18 sessions of music therapy, each lasting 30 min, three times a week for 6 weeks | BEHAVE-AD |
| Chu H., 2014 [30] | Randomized controlled trial | Dementia, Depression |
Experimental group: music therapy interventions (listening, singing, playing instruments) | 30 min sessions/twice a week, 6 weeks | CSDD |
| Lyu J, 2018 [31] | Randomized controlled trial | Dementia | Experimental group: music therapy interventions (listening, reading, singing) | 30–40 min, twice a day for three months | MMSE, WHO-UCLA AVLT verbal fluency test, NPI, and Barthel Index |
| Ridder H.M., 2013 [32] | Randomized control study | Dementia, Agitation |
Experimental group: music therapy interventions (listening, singing, dancing) | On average, 12 sessions of 33.8 min | CMAI, ADRQL, MMSE |
| Vink A.C., 2012 [33] | Randomized controlled trial | Dementia | Experimental group: music therapy interventions (listening, singing, dancing, playing an instrument) | 34 sessions, 40 min on average for 4 months | CMAI, GDS |
| Innes K.E., 2018 [40] | Randomized controlled trial | Dementia | Kirtan Kriya meditation vs. music listening program | 12-week, 12 min/day | Telomere length (TL), telomerase activity (TA), and plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) levels, QOL |
| van der Steen J.T., 2017 [41] | Randomized controlled trial | Dementia | Music-based therapeutic interventions | N/A | Emotional well-being and quality of life |
CMAI-SF: The Cohen–Mansfield Agitation Inventory-Short Form; RAID: The Rating Anxiety in Dementia; MMSE: The Mini–Mental State Examination; WAB: The Western Aphasia Battery; AQ: The Alzheimer’s Questionnaire; ADAS-Cog: The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale; CSDD: Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; NPI: Neuropsychiatric Inventory; CMAI: The Cohen–Mansfield Agitation Inventory, ADS-6: Amsterdam Dementia Screening Test 6; BEHAVE-AD: Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale; WHO-UCLA AVLT: World Health Organization-University of California-Los Angeles Auditory Verbal Learning Test; ADRQL: The Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Quality of Life; GDS: The Geriatric Depression Scale.