Table 2.
Studies investigating behavior modifications to reduce RA risk.
| Behavior Modification | Sex | Direction of Association | HR or RR for RA (95% CI) | Author (Year) of Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking cessation | ||||
| Quit ≥ 30 years vs. quit < 5 years | Women | ↓ | HR 0.63 (0.44–0.90) | Liu (2019) [45] |
| Quit > 15 years, quit > 1 year, current smoker | Women and men | ↓ | RR 0.70 (0.24–2.02) | Di Giuseppe (2013) [46] |
| Bariatric surgery | ||||
| Bariatric surgery vs. no bariatric surgery | Women and men | NS | HR 0.86 (0.54–1.38) | Maglio (2020) [49] |
| Alternative Healthy Eating Index score * adherence | ||||
| ≥75 points vs. <75 points | Women | ↓ | RR 0.43 (0.27–0.67) | Marchand (2020) [52] |
| ≥75 points vs. <75 points | Women ** | ↓ ** | RR 0.41 (0.22–0.74) | Marchand (2020) [52] |
| ≥75 points vs. <75 points | Women *** | ↓ ** | RR 0.47 (0.25–0.91) | Marchand (2020) [52] |
BMI, body mass index; NS, non-significant; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; HR, hazard ratio, RR, relative risk; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. * Alternative Healthy Eating Index is composed of 11 food/beverage/nutrient groups and provides a score that ranges from 0 (least healthy) to 110 (most healthy) points. ** Seropositive RA *** Seronegative RA.