Table 3.
Polymer scaffolds with applications and printing methods.
| Polymer Scaffolds | Printing Method | Applications | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chitosan/Rhizopus mycelia/Fungi | - | Bone regeneration | [129] |
| PCL | Direct Printing | Heart and cartilage tissue | [130] |
| PCL | FDM | Tissue engineering | [131] |
| PCL/alginate-based hydrogel | Extrusion | Bone tissue engineering | [132] |
| PCL/PLA | Bioextrusion | Tissue engineering | [133] |
| PCL, chitosan | FDM | Bone tissue engineering | [134] |
| PCL/HA | FDM | Tissue engineering | [135] |
| PCL/silk | Extrusion | Tissue engineering | [136] |
| PCL/castor oil | FDM | Bone tissue engineering | [137] |
| PCL | FDM | Bone tissue engineering | [138] |
| PCL/HA | Indirect printing | Tissue engineering | [139] |
| PCL/diamond | Extrusion | Tissue engineering | [140] |
| PLA, PLGA, collagen | FDM | Tendon-bone | [141] |
| PLA, collagen | FDM | Bone tissue engineering | [142] |
| PLA | FDM | Bone tissue engineering | [143] |
| PLCL | FDM | Tissue engineering | [144] |
| PLA/ABS | FDM | Bone tissue engineering | [145] |
| PLA | FDM | Bone tissue engineering | [146] |
| PLA/cellulose | Extrusion | Tissue engineering | [147] |
| PCL, PLGA, collagen, gelatin | FDM, extrusion | Bone tissue engineering | [148] |
| PLCL/dECM | Hot melting Extrusion | Tissue regeneration | [149] |
| Alginate, PEGDA, CS | Extrusion | Kidney | [150] |
| Alginate | Extrusion | Microphysiologic studies | [148,151] |
| Alginate, collagen, agarose | Extrusion | Cartilage | [152] |
| Alginate, gelatin | Extrusion | Mutlicellular tissue | [153] |
| GelMA/Alg-PEG-M | Extrusion | Vascular | [154] |
| Agarose, collagen | Extrusion | Kidney | [102] |
| PCL | 3D printing | HOb | [155] |
| PC | 3D printing | Bone tissue engineering | [156] |
| Me-HA/GelMA | Extrusion | Cardiac tissues | [157] |
| Me-HA | Extrusion | Bone tissue engineering | [158] |
| Agarose/carbon nanotubes | Extrusion | Biosensors, various tissues | [159] |
| PVA, phytagel | Extrusion | Soft connective tissue | [160] |
| Gelatin/silk fibroin | Extrusion | Skin | [161] |
| Hyaluronic acide/gelatin | Extrusion | Cardiac | [162] |
| Collagen/chitosan | Extrusion | Neural tissue engineering | [163] |
| Alginate/gelatin | Extrusion | Tumor microenvironment | [164] |
| Pluronics/gelatin methacrylate | Extrusion | Vascular | [165] |
| Alginate | Extrusion | Liver | [166] |
| NFC, alginate, hyaluronic acid | Extrusion | Cartilage | [167] |
| NFC/alginate | Extrusion | Cartilage | [168] |
| Collagen | Extrusion | Skin | [169] |
| Porcine skin powder | Bioprinting | Soft tissue engineering | [170] |
| HA, PLGA | Stereolithography | Bone tissue engineering | [171] |
| PLA/PCL/HA | Extrusion | Cartilage defects treatment | [172] |
| PEGDA, polydiacetylene nanoparticles | Stereolithography | Liver tissues | [173] |
| VE/VC | DLP | Bone tissue engineering | [174] |
| Cellulose nanocrystal | DIW | Multicellular tissue | [175] |
| PLGA | Inkjet | Liver tissues | [115] |
PCL—polycaprolactone; PLA—polylactic acid; HA—hydroxyapatite; PLGA—poly Lactic-co-glycolic acid; PLCL—Polyl-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone; ABS—acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; PEGDA—poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate; CS—cellularized structures; Me-HA—methacrylated hyaluronic acid; GelMA—metharylated gelatin; Alg-PEG-M—alginate, poly ethylene glycol tetra acrylate; PC—polycarbonate; PVA—polyvinyl alcohol; NFC—nanofibrillated cellulose; VE—vinylester, VC—vinylcarbonate.