Table 4.
Ceramic scaffolds with/without an addition of a polymer(s) and the printing method.
| Ceramics | Polymer(s) | Printing Method | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| BCP | PCL | Inkjet | [185] |
| HA/TCP | - | digital light processing (DLP)-type 3D printing system | [186] |
| BCP | PLGA, PCL, collagen | FDM | [187] |
| β-TCP | PEGDA | Stereolithography | [188] |
| zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) and Pluronic hydrogel ceramic paste | Bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and tri(ethylenglycol) dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) copolymer | 3D-printed by robocasting method | [189] |
| HA | PLA | FDM | [190,191] |
| HA | PCL | FDM | [192] |
| HA, bone marrow clots | PCL | FDM | [193] |
| HA, PLGA microspheres | PCL | FDM | [194] |
| HA, solvent system | PLGA | Extrusion | [195] |
| HA, α-TCP, phosphoric acid | Collagen | Inkjet | [196] |
| Ti6Al4V | Laser beam melting | [197] | |
| Titanium | PLA | 3D printing based on Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) | [198] |
| Mesoporous silica, CPC | Extrusion | [199] | |
| Titanium, platelets | Gelatin | Laser sintering | [200] |
| CPC | Extrusion | [201] | |
| Calcium silicate | PCL | Laser sintering | [202] |
| Mesoporous bioglass, CS | Extrusion | [203] | |
| Wallastonite, magnesium | Extrusion | [204] | |
| BCP, HPMC, ZrO2 | Extrusion | [205] | |
| CS | Inkjet | [206] | |
| Silica, calcium carbonate | Laser assisted gelling | [207] | |
| Tricalcium phosphate | Inkjet | [208] | |
| Graphene | PCL | FDM | [209] |
BCP—tricalcium phosphate-hydroxyapatite bioceramic; PCL—polycaprolactone; HA—hydroxyapatite; TCP—tricalcium phosphate; PLGA—poly Lactic-co-glycolic acid; PEGDA—poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate; CPC—calcium phosphate cement; HPMC—Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; CS—cellularized structures.