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Proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α increased at IRIS events. sTNF-α circulating levels in HIV+ (A) at 0- (■), 4- (▼), 8- (♦), 12- (●) weeks after ART, and HIV+IRIS patients (B) at 0- (☐), 4- (▽), 8- (◇), 12- (○) weeks after ART, and IRIS episodes (⬘). The red line represents the mean value of healthy donors. Post hoc Dunnett’s test compares the control (0 W) for the HIV+ group or IRIS with the HIV+IRIS group. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.
