Table 4.
Results from multiple regression analysis predicting self-reported loneliness and social well-being by type of smartphone communication app use time (average of past seven days) of 359 German adults.
| Predictors | Loneliness (M3) | Social Well-Being (M4) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | β | p | B (SE) | β | p | |||
| Intercept | 7.20 | (0.66) | <.001 | 60.54 | (5.63) | <0.001 | ||
| Social media | 0.06 | (0.13) | 0.02 | 0.63 | −0.01 | (0.93) | <0.01 | 0.99 |
| Instant messenger | 0.27 | (0.18) | 0.09 | 0.15 | −0.32 | (1.07) | −0.01 | 0.77 |
| Phone call | 0.04 | (0.13) | 0.01 | 0.72 | 1.24 | (0.46) | 0.05 | 0.008 |
| Text messages | 0.18 | (0.30) | 0.06 | 0.56 | 1.50 | (1.36) | 0.08 | 0.27 |
| Age | 0.19 | (0.99) | 0.06 | 0.84 | −17.73 | (7.04) | −0.76 | 0.01 |
| Age2 | −0.53 | (0.98) | −0.17 | 0.59 | 19.57 | (6.87) | 0.85 | 0.005 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male vs. female | 0.01 | (0.34) | <0.01 | 0.97 | −3.32 | (2.38) | −0.08 | 0.16 |
| Mental disorder | ||||||||
| No vs. yes | 0.94 | (0.34) | 0.15 | 0.005 | −9.16 | (2.39) | −0.21 | <0.001 |
| Chronic disease | ||||||||
| No vs. yes | 1.04 | (0.33) | 0.17 | 0.002 | −5.51 | (2.27) | −0.13 | 0.02 |
| COVID-19 infection | ||||||||
| No vs. yes | −1.42 | (1.16) | −0.06 | 0.22 | 21.41 | (7.06) | 0.13 | 0.003 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Low vs. moderate | 0.41 | (0.65) | 0.06 | 0.52 | 9.03 | (5.26) | 0.18 | 0.08 |
| Low vs. high | 0.03 | (0.60) | 0.01 | 0.96 | 9.38 | (5.03) | 0.19 | 0.06 |
| Partnership status | ||||||||
| No vs. yes | 0.92 | (0.34) | 0.15 | 0.008 | −11.13 | (2.31) | −0.25 | <0.001 |
| Age × Social Media | 1.58 | (0.82) | 0.52 | 0.05 | −7.91 | (5.81) | −0.31 | 0.17 |
| Age × Instant Messenger | 0.41 | (1.37) | 0.11 | 0.76 | −10.09 | (8.14) | −0.34 | 0.21 |
| Age × SMS | 1.39 | (2.24) | 0.56 | 0.54 | 1.35 | (9.33) | 0.15 | 0.86 |
| Age2 × Social Media | −1.88 | (0.84) | −0.59 | 0.03 | 7.83 | (5.73) | 0.30 | 0.17 |
| Age2 × Instant Messenger | −0.29 | (1.41) | −0.08 | 0.84 | 12.26 | (8.50) | 0.41 | 0.15 |
| Age2 × SMS | −1.23 | (1.95) | −0.56 | 0.53 | −0.09 | (8.13) | −0.08 | 0.98 |
| R 2 | 0.08 | 0.15 | ||||||
Notes. B = unstandardized beta-coefficient, β = standardized beta-coefficient, SE = standard error; significant results at p < 0.05 are highlighted in bold.