Table 1.
Effects of dietary antioxidants on inflammation and obesity (in vivo and in vitro studies).
| Antioxidant | Sources | Bioactive Dose of Antioxidant | Moderator | Metabolic Marker | Inflamatory Marker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthocyanine | Tart cherry powder | Cyanidin(3-sophoroside), cyanidin (3-glucosylrutinoside), cyanidin- glucose(3-glucoside) insulin, cyanidincholesterol (3-rutinoside), triglyceride (TG) peonidin (3-glucoside). |
Zucker rats | Reduced glycemia and insulinemia as well as improved insulin resistance. | Decreased plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. |
[194] |
| Whole blueberry powder |
Delphinidins, cyanidins, peonidins, malvidins. |
C57BL/6 mice |
Reduced levels of fasting glucose improved insulin tolerance test (ITT) |
Reduced TNF-α expression in adipose tissue. |
[195] | |
| Blueberry juice | Cyanidi(3-galactoside) cyanidi (3-arabinoside delphinidi(3-glucoside), delphinidinadiponectinpetunidin(3 arabinoside), malvidin (3-galactoside), malvidin(3-glucoside). Dose: 4.09 mg/mL |
Mice | Reduced body weight, decreased the level of TG, leptin, and cholesterol, percentage of WAT. | Reduced TNF-α and IL-6 expression. | [196] | |
| Purple sweet potato | Cyanidnin(3-caffeylferulysophoroside-5-glucoside), peonidin(3caffeylferulysophoroside-5-glucoside). Dose: 4.28 to 12.84 µg/mL | Murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Decreased leptin and adipogenic factors. | Decreased COX-2, MCP-1, IL-6. | [197] | |
| Resveratrol | Red wine, acai, blueberry, cranberry, pomegranate, Japanese knotwood, Ziziphus. |
Resveratrol-4′-O-glucuronide, resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide and resveratrol-3-O-sulfate. Dose: 15 mg/kg body weight/day (gavage). |
Male Zucker rats | Decreased TG content, increased epinephrine-stimulated glycerol release, increaseD hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) mRNA. | Reduced IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB. | [60,198] |
| Obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats | ||||||
| 1, 10, 25 µM resveratrol, resveratrol-4′-O-glucuronide, resveratrol-3-O glucuronide and resveratrol-3-O sulfate. | Murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Increased SIRT1 mRNA, increased TG content, increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) mRNA, increased adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) mRNA, increased HSL mRNA. |
Reduced IL-6 and TNF-α. | [199] | ||
| Lipoic acid | Red meat, spinach, broccoli, tomatoes, peas, Brussels sprouts. |
Oxoaciddehydrogenase, pyruvatedehydrogenase complex, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. |
HFD-induced obesity | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile, decreased weight. | Reduced IL-6 and TNF-α. | [200] |
| Curcumine | Rhizome, or rootstalk of the turmeric plant. | 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione. | Primary human adipocytes and murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Suppressed the expression of adipogenic genes, PPARγ, and C/EBP α. | Reduced (MCP-1, a proinflammatory cytokine. | [137] |
| 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione | HFD-induced obesity and in genetic obesity (ob/ob mice). | Reduced body weight and energy metabolism, reduced epididymal adipose tissue, increased fatty acid β-oxidation. | Increased adiponectin production and reduced inflammation. |
[144] | ||
| Catechin | Camellia sinensis leaves and buds, green tea. | (−)-EGCG | Obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats | Reduced deleterious effects, including hepatic injury. | Decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). | [165] |
| Caffeine | Coffee and tea. | 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine. Doses: 20 and 40 mg/kg per day; 37.5 mg/kg per day; 3–4 cups of coffee per day. | Male rats | Reduced lipogenesis, regulated lipid uptake and transport, increased fatty acid β-oxidation, increased lipolysis and reduced lipid digestion. Decreased lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzyme activities. | Decreased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. |
[157,158,159,160,161] |