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. 2021 May 27;13(6):1003. doi: 10.3390/v13061003

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Simplified overview of the MyD88-dependent and -independent signalling pathways in Toll-like receptor activation. TLRs localise to the cell surface or intracellular compartments (such as endosomes, (endo)lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum). Differential adaptor molecules initiate specific signalling pathways in different TLR family members. A detailed description of the pathways can be found in the text. Full lines indicate direct interaction. Dashed lines indicate indirect linkage. Abbreviations: AP-1, activator protein-1; IC, intracellular; DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; IFN, interferon; IRF, interferon regulatory transcription factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; TAK, TGF-β-activating kinase; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TRAF, TNFR-associated factor; TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein-inducing interferon-β.