Table 2.

Association between food insecurity and sarcopenia (outcome) estimated by multivariable logistic regression.

		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
Characteristic		OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
Food insecurity	None	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
	Moderate	0.82	[0.56,1.21]	0.84	[0.57,1.25]	0.87	[0.59,1.28]	0.87	[0.59,1.30]
	Severe	1.98 *	[1.10,3.58]	2.04 *	[1.13,3.68]	2.11 *	[1.16,3.85]	2.05 *	[1.12,3.73]
Sex	Male	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
	Female	0.81 *	[0.66,0.99]	0.77 *	[0.60,0.99]	0.72 *	[0.56,0.93]	0.72 **	[0.56,0.92]
Age (years)		1.12 ***	[1.10,1.14]	1.11 ***	[1.10,1.13]	1.12 ***	[1.10,1.14]	1.12 ***	[1.10,1.14]
Wealth	Poorest	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
	Poorer	0.76	[0.56,1.04]	0.77	[0.56,1.05]	0.73	[0.53,1.01]	0.76	[0.55,1.04]
	Middle	0.78	[0.55,1.10]	0.79	[0.55,1.11]	0.75	[0.52,1.07]	0.74	[0.51,1.06]
	Richer	0.66 **	[0.49,0.89]	0.65 **	[0.48,0.87]	0.60 **	[0.44,0.82]	0.60 **	[0.44,0.82]
	Richest	0.54 **	[0.35,0.81]	0.53 **	[0.35,0.80]	0.45 ***	[0.28,0.71]	0.46 **	[0.29,0.73]
Education (years)		0.95 ***	[0.92,0.98]	0.95 ***	[0.92,0.98]	0.94 ***	[0.92,0.97]	0.95 ***	[0.92,0.98]
Alcohol consumption	No			1.00		1.00		1.00
	Yes			0.74	[0.52,1.04]	0.75	[0.53,1.06]	0.75	[0.53,1.08]
Smoking	Never			1.00		1.00		1.00
	Current			0.98	[0.74,1.30]	1.04	[0.78,1.39]	1.02	[0.76,1.37]
	Quit			1.19	[0.83,1.69]	1.18	[0.83,1.68]	1.12	[0.78,1.60]
Physical activity	High			1.00		1.00		1.00
	Moderate			1.23	[0.97,1.55]	1.21	[0.95,1.54]	1.14	[0.89,1.45]
	Low			1.22	[0.97,1.53]	1.20	[0.95,1.52]	1.12	[0.89,1.42]
BMI (kg/m2)	18.5–24.9					1.00		1.00
	25.0–29.9					1.36 **	[1.08,1.70]	1.36 **	[1.09,1.70]
	≥30					2.60 ***	[1.65,4.10]	2.48 ***	[1.55,3.97]
	<18.5					0.63 **	[0.44,0.89]	0.64 *	[0.45,0.92]
No. of chronic diseases								1.14 ***	[1.06,1.22]

Abbreviation: OR Odds ratio; CI Confidence interval; BMI Body mass index. Models are adjusted for all variables in the respective column and country. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.