Table 2.

Autophagy regulation suppresses gliomagenesis.

Autophagy Regulation	Result	Glioma Model	Ref
Beclin-1 overexpression	cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M; apoptosis	U343, U87MG	[89,90]
STAT3/Bcl-2 downregulation; Beclin-1 overexpression	apoptosis	U87MG	[93]
miR224-3p overexpression	hypoxia-induced apoptosis; reduced tumor volume	U87MG, U215, athymic nude mice	[94]
ULK2 overexpression	autophagic cell death; cell growth and astrocyte transformation inhibition	LN299; NIH nu/nu nude mice	[95]
BCL2 Interacting Protein 3 activation	hypoxia-induced cell death	U87MG, U373	[96]
Cyclin B1 downregulation/PARP and Caspase-3 upregulation	cell cycle arrest, apoptosis	U251, LN229	[97]
AKT/mTOR pathway inhibition	cell growth inhibition; reduced tumor volume	U87MG; A172 nu/nu nude mice	[99,100,101]
EMT regulators downregulation/N- and R-cadherin upregulation	inhibits migration and invasion capacity	GL15, U87MG	[102]
EGFR modulation	inhibits clonogenic and migration	IRT98G, U373MG	[98]
H3L9 demethylation	suppresses cell proliferation	LN229, U87MG	[103]
AKT phosphorylation	senescence; reduces tumor growth	U343 athymic nu/nu mice	[89]
MAPK14/p38 and PRKAA/AMPK/ULK1 pathway activation	senescence	U87MG	[104]