Table 5.

Reduction in total (tAs) and inorganic (iAs) arsenic during processing of brown algae.

Processing	Species	Location	Raw State	Reduction (%)		Final Concentration (mg/kg dw)		Reference
				tAs	iAs	tAs	iAs
Blanching (10–20 s)	L. digitata	Scotland	Washed and dried	29	5	32	19	[41]
	L. digitata	Scotland	Dried	39	33	28	12	[41]
	S. japonica	Japan	Dry, commercial samples	22	61	58	0.059	[41]
Boiling (15 min)	S. latissima	Norway	Frozen-thawed	43	n.a.	36	n.a.	This study
		Faroe Islands		−8.2	n.a.	42	n.a.	[15]
Boiling (20 min)	H. fusiforme	Unknown	Dry, commercial samples	46	n.a.	56	n.a.	[39]
	H. fusiforme			30	46	91	43	[40]
	H. fusiforme			43	50	75	43	[40]
	H. fusiforme			33	49	84	45	[40]
	U. pinnatifida			−0.34	n.a.	50	n.a.	[39]
	U. pinnatifida			49	n.a.	26	n.a.	[56]
Boiling (60 min)	S. japonica	Unknown	Dry, commercial samples	65	n.a.	27	n.a.	[56]
Soaking (15 min)	H. fusiforme	Unknown	Dry, commercial samples	28	n.a.	94	n.a.	[39]
Soaking (30 min)	L. digitata	Scotland	Dried	69	64	14	6.4	[41]
	S. japonica	Japan	Dry, commercial samples	45	67	41	0.050	[41]
Soaking (15 min), followed by boiling (2 min)	U. pinnatifida	Unknown	Dry, commercial samples	28	n.a.	34	n.a.	[39]
Soaking (30 min), followed by bringing to boil	L. digitata	Scotland	Washed and dried	87	95	5.9	1.0	[41]
	L. digitata	Scotland	Dried	91	96	4.0	0.72	[41]
	S. japonica	Japan	Dry, commercial samples	87	75	9.4	0.038	[41]
Boiling (15 min), lactic acid fermentation (48 h)	S. latissima	Faroe Islands	Frozen-thawed	5.9	n.a.	37	n.a.	[15]

n.a.: not analyzed.