Table 2.

Nutrient–drug and diet–drug interactions.

Vitamin
Vitamin	Drug	Effects of Interactions	Reference
A	Paclitaxel	Vitamin A inhibits the metabolism of paclitaxel and increases the blood concentration of paclitaxel	[71]
B6	Phenytoin	Decrease in blood phenytoin level	[72]
	Aluminum hydroxide	Decreased absorption of riboflavin and prolonged time for urinary excretion to reach its maximum	[73]
	Levodopa	Accelerates levodopa degradation and reduces its migration in the brain	[74]
B12	Cimetidine	Decreased absorption of vitamin B12 with intake of 1000 mg/day	[75]
C	Iron sulfate	Iron absorption increases with concurrent intake of ≥200 mg of vitamin C	[76]
D	Thiazide Diuretics	Hypercalcemia	[77]
	Digoxin	Hypercalcemia can lead to digitalis poisoning	[78]
E	Warfarin	Prolongation of prothrombin time and appearance of ecchymosis	[79]
K	Warfarin	Decreased effect of warfarin	[80]
Calcium
Drug		Effects of Interactions	Reference
Aspirin		AUC and Cmax significantly decreased by approximately 30% and 28%, respectively, and disappearance speed rate of aspirin also decreased	[81]
Tetracycline antibiotics		Calcium and the drug bind together to form a chelate, which reduces absorption from the small intestine	[82]
New quinolone antibiotics			[83]
Bisphosphonate osteoporosis drugs			[84]
Estramustine phosphate			[85]
Digoxin		Large amounts of calcium should be avoided as hypercalcemia causes digitalis toxicity	[86]
Alfacalcidol, rocartrol, andeldecalcitol		Promotes the absorption of calcium in the intestinal tract	[87]
High-fat meals
Drug		Effects of Interactions	Reference
Cyclosporine		Significantly increased blood concentration (approximate 1.5-fold AUC increase)	[88]
Theophylline		Faster absorption of theophylline, significant increase in AUC	[89]
Griseofulvin		Significantly increased absorption of griseofulvin by approximately 120%	[90]
Oxycodone		Approximately 20% increase in AUC	[91]
Ivermectin		AUC increased to approximately 2.6 times that of fasting administration	[92]
Erlotinib		AUC of erlotinib almost doubled compared to fasting	[93]
Sirolimus		Increased tmax, Cmax, and AUC	[94]
Regorafenib		Decrease in Cmax and AUC of active metabolites	[95]
Sorafenib		Decrease in plasma concentration	[96]
Lenalidomide		Decrease in AUC and Cmax	[97]
Trametinib		Plasma trametinib AUC and Cmax of plasma trametinib were decreased by approximately 10% and 70%, respectively, compared to fasting	[98]
Dabrafenib		AUC and Cmax decreased by approximately 31% and 51%, respectively, compared to fasting	[99]
High-protein meals
Drug		Effects of Interactions	Reference
Propranolol		74% increase in clearance of propranolol	[100]
Theophylline		32% increase in the clearance of theophylline and 26% decrease in half-life	[100]
Levodopa		Reduced levodopa absorption due to drug transporter competition	[101]
Aluminum hydroxide		Decreased antacid effect of aluminum hydroxide	[102]

Abbreviations: Area under the curve, AUC; maximum serum concentration, Cmax.