Figure 2.

Mechanisms of myeloma-related bone disease. CFU-GM, colony forming unit—granulocyte/macrophage; RANKL, receptor-activated nuclear factor-kappa B ligand; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-3, interleukin-3; MIP-1-α (CCL3), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (C–C motif chemokine ligand 3); VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; DKK1, dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1; SFRP3, secreted frizzle related protein 3; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; BMSC, bone marrow stromal cells.