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. 2021 Jun 2;13(6):1914. doi: 10.3390/nu13061914

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating muscle growth and atrophy. Akt, Protein kinase B; FFAs, Free fatty acids; FoxO, Forkhead box O; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; MAFbx, Muscle atrophy F-box; MHC, Myosin heavy chain; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; MuRF1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1; MyoD, Myogenic differentiation antigen; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-B; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; P70S6K, Ribosomal protein S6 kinase; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; 4E-BP1, Rapamycin complex and 4E binding protein-1.