Table 2.

Minerals in the prevention of the muscle atrophy in vitro/vivo.

Minerals	Structure	Example Source	Inducer	Model	Effect	Mechanism	Ref
Magnesium	/	Egg, meat	Aging	Human	↑ Muscle strength	/	[52]
Calcium	/	Egg, meat	Calcium/magnesium deficiency	Human	↑ Muscle mass, strength, and physical performance	/	[50]
Selenium	/	Egg, meat	Selenium deficiency	Human	/	/	[53]
			Aging	C57BL/6 mice	↑ Muscle performance	↑ Ca2+ flux, oxidative stress tolerance	[54]
			Tumor	C57BL/6 mice	↓ Inflammation, muscle atrophy	↓ IL-6, TNF-α, myostatin	[55]

Abbreviation: IL-6, Interleukin-6; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; ↑, Increase or promote; ↓, Decrease or inhibit.