Table 3.

Vitamins in the prevention of the muscle atrophy in vitro/vivo.

Vitamins	Structure	Example Source	Inducer	Model	Effect	Mechanism	Ref
Vitamin C		Kiwi fruit, lemons	Senescence marker protein-30-konckout	Mice	↑ Physical performance	↓ MuRF1, MAFbx ↓ Oxidative stress	[56]
Vitamin D		Milk, meat	Immobilization	C57BL/6 mice	↑ Muscle mass	↓ Oxidative stress ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[60]
Vitamin E		Soybean oil	Immobilization	Wistar rats	/	↓ Oxidative stress	[62]
			Aging	Human	↑ Muscle mass/strength	/	[63]
β-Carotene		Carrot	Denervation	ddY mice	↑ Muscle mass	↓ Oxidative stress ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx, USP14, USP19	[65]
Coenzyme Q10		Sardine	Disuse	SD rats	↑ Muscle cross section	↑ Mitochondrial biogenesis ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx, FoxO3	[68]
Nicotinamide mononucleotide		Broccoli, avocado	Aging	C57BL/6N	↑ Physical performance	↑ Mtochondrial oxidative metabolism	[70]

Abbreviation: MAFbx, Muscle atrophy F-box; MuRF1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1; USP 14, Ubiquitin-specific processing protease 14; USP 19, Ubiquitin-specific processing protease 19; FoxO3, Forkhead box O3; ↑, Increase or promote; ↓, Decrease or inhibit.