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. 2021 Jun 2;13(6):1914. doi: 10.3390/nu13061914

Table 4.

Fatty acids in the prevention of the muscle atrophy in vitro/vivo.

Fatty Acids Structure Example Source Inducer Model Effect Mechanism Ref
Docosahexaenoic acid graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i015.jpg Fish, milk Palmitate C2C12 cells ↑ Cell growth ↑ PGC-1α, Akt
↓ Endoplasmic reticulum stress		 [71,72]
Oleic acid graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i016.jpg Sesame Palmitate C2C12 cells ↑ Myotube size ↓ TNF-α, IL6
↓ Drp1, Fis1
↓ Myostatin, MAFbx		 [74]
Eicosapentaenoic acid graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i017.jpg Fish, nut Arthritis Wistar rats ↑ Muscle mass ↑ PCNA, MyoD, myogenin
↓ MuRF1, MAFbx		 [75]
Arachidonic acid graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i018.jpg Pine nut / C2C12 cells ↑ Cell growth ↑ Cyclooxygenase 2 [80]
Azelaic acid graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i019.jpg Oatmeal, barley HFD C57BL/6J mice ↑ Muscle function ↑ Mitochondrial biogenesis [79]
/ C2C12 cells / ↑ Mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy [79]

Abbreviation: Akt, protein kinase B; Drp 1, dynamin-related protein 1; Fis1, Mitochondrial Fission 1 Protein; HFD, high fat diet; IL-6, Interleukin-6; MAFbx, Muscle atrophy F-box; MyoD, Myogenic differentiation antigen; PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactiva-tor-1α; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; ↑, Increase or promote; ↓, Decrease or inhibit.