Table 5.

Polyphenols in the prevention of the muscle atrophy in vitro/vivo.

Polyphenols	Structure	Example Source	Inducer	Model	Effect	Mechanism	Ref
Curcumin		Turmeric	Streptozotocin	C57BL/6J mice	↑ Muscle weight	↓ NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[84]
			Chronic hypobaric hypoxia	SD rats	↑ Muscle mass and improved physical performance	↓ Muscle proteolysis	[85]
Resveratrol		Red wine	Streptozotocin	C57BL/6J mice	↑ Muscle weight, fiber size	↑ Mitochondrial biogenesis ↓ MuRF-1, cleaved caspase-3, mitophagy	[86]
			C26 adenocarcinoma	CD2F1 mice	↑ Muscle mass	↓ NF-κB, MuRF1	[87]
			Denervation	ICR mice	↑ Muscle weight	↓ MAFbx	[88]
Astaxanthin		Shrimp, crab	Immobilization	Wistar rats	↑ Muscle mass	↓ Oxidative stress, proteolysis, apoptosis, ROS	[89]
Epicatechin gallate		Green tea	Cardiotoxin	C57BL/6 mice	↑ Muscle fiber size	↑ Myf5, MyoD	[90]
Epicatechin		Cocoa, green tea	Aging	ICR mice	↑ Bone mass	↑ MyoD, SOD ↓ MuRF1	[91]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate		Green tea	Aging	SD rats	↑ Muscle mass, muscle fiber cross-sectional areas	↑ IGF-1, IL-15 ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[92]
Pomegranate extract	/	Pomegranate	TNF-α	C57BL/6 mice	↑ Muscle mass	↓ Oxidative stress, NF-κB activation, Akt/mTOR signaling	[93]
Urolithin A		Pomegranate	Aging/	Human	↑ Muscle founction	↑ Mitochondrial founction	[94]
			Aging/HFD	C57BL/6J mice	↑ Muscle founction	↑ Mitochondrial founction	[95]
			/	C2C12 cells	/	↑ Mitochondrial founction	[95]
			/	C. elegans	↑ Lifespan, muscle heath	↑ Mitochondrial founction	[95]
Urolithin B		Pomegranate	Denervation	Mice	↑ Muscle weight	↓ FoxO1, FoxO3, MAFbx MuRF1	[96]
			/	C2C12 cells	↑ Protein synthesis	↑ mTORC1 signaling	[96]
Glabridin		Licorice	Dexamethasone	C2C12 cells	↑ Muscle protein	↓ MuRF1	[97]
Flavan 3-ol		Cocoa	Hindlimb suspension	C57BL/6J mice	↑ Muscle mass	↓ MuRF1	[98]
Oligonol	/	Lychee	/	db/db mice	↑ Muscle fiber size	↑ Sirtuin 1 ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx, FoxO3a	[99]
			Palmitate	C2C12 cells	↑ Myotube differentiation	↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[99]
Magnolol		Magnolia officinalis	Bladder cancer	BALB/c mice	↑ Muscle protein ↓ inflammation	↑ IGF-1 ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx, FoxO3a	[100]
Corylifol A		Psoralea corylifolia L.	Dexamethasone	C2C12 cells	↑ Mononuclear myotubes	↑ p38 MAPK ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[101]

Abbreviation: Akt, protein kinase B; FoxO1, Forkhead box O1; FoxO3, Forkhead box O3; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; IL-15, Interleukin-15; MAFbx, Muscle atrophy F-box; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; MuRF1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1; Myf5, Recombinant myogenic factor 5; MyoD, Myogenic differentiation antigen; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-B; SD, Sprague Dawley; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; ↑, Increase or promote; ↓, Decrease or inhibit.