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. 2021 Jun 2;13(6):1914. doi: 10.3390/nu13061914

Table 9.

Triterpenoids in the prevention of the muscle atrophy in vitro/vivo.

Triterpenoids Structure Example Source Inducer Model Effect Mechanism Ref
Ursolic acid graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i051.jpg Apples Hind limb immobilization SD rats ↑ Muscle mass ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx [146]
Denervation C57BL/6 mice ↑ Muscle mass, muscle hypertrophy ↑ Muscle hypertrophy
↓ MuRF1, MAFbx		 [145]
/ C57BL/6N mice ↑ Muscle weight, muscle strength, exercise capacity ↑ IGF-1
↓ MuRF1, MAFbx		 [147]
/ C2C12 cells ↑ Myotubes differentiation ↑ IGF-1, Akt, mTOR, S6K1
↓ MuRF1, MAFbx		 [147]
Ginsenoside Rg1 graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i052.jpg Panax ginseng Starvation C2C12 cells ↑ Myotubes differentiation ↑ Akt/mTOR/FoxO signaling [148]
Panax ginseng total protein / Panax ginseng Dexamethasone C2C12 cells ↑ Glucose consumption ↑ AMPK and PI3K/Akt signaling [152]
Ginsenoside Rg3 graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i053.jpg Panax ginseng TNF-α C2C12 cells ↑ Myotubes differentiation ↑ Akt/mTOR signaling
↑ PGC1α, NRF1, Tfam		 [149]
Ginsenoside Rb1 graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i054.jpg Panax ginseng / C2C12 cells ↑ Myotubes differentiation ↑ Akt/mTOR signaling [150]
Ginsenoside Rb2 graphic file with name nutrients-13-01914-i055.jpg

Abbreviation: Akt, protein kinase B; FoxO, Forkhead box O; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; MAFbx, Muscle atrophy F-box; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; MuRF1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1; NRF1, Nuclear respiratory factor 1; PGC1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactiva-tor-1α; S6K1, Ribosomal protein S6 kinase; SD, Sprague Dawley; ↑, Increase or promote; ↓, Decrease or inhibit.