Table 1.

A summary of the identified associations of Eph and ephrins with diabetic retinopathy.

Name	Established Association with Diabetic Retinopathy	Possible Mechanism	Possible Use in Clinical Practice	Reference
ephrinA1	Increased plasma levels	Possible association with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy	Diagnostic possibilities in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy	[50]
ephrinA1	Reduction of neovascularization following intravitreal administration	Inhibition of VEGFR2 receptor phosphorylation and suppression of multiple downstream signaling cascades (PKC-ERK1/2 pathway and Akt)	Potential therapeutic target	[51]
ephrinA1	Reduction of retinal vascular leakage following intravitreal administration	Inhibition of VEGF and the VEGF-dependent PKC signaling pathway in the retina	Potential therapeutic target	[51]
ephrinB2	Increased levels in retinal tissue with diabetic retinopathy	Involvement in ADMA-dependent angiogenesis	Potential therapeutic target	[52]
ephrinB2 and EphB4	Increased expression in neovascular membranes obtained from patients with diabetes compared to healthy tissues	Possible association with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy	Potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for diagnosis	[53]
ephrinB2, EphB2, and EphB3	Expression in fibroproliferative membranes obtained from patients with diabetic retinopathy	Involvement in ocular angiogenesis, stabilization and maturation of blood vessels	Potential therapeutic targets	[54]