Table 4.

A representative list of different biomaterial characteristics used for exosome formulation and delivery.

Type	Retention Rate (%)	Release Time	Cross Link	Loading Molecules	Feature	Ref.
Thermosensitive chitosan	98	12 h		Encapsulating exosomes	Increase in cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, a good carrier for sustained-release exosomes	[103,106]
Hydroxyapatite Alginate (HA-ALG) hydrogel		14 days	Schiff-base reaction	Encapsulating exosomes	Increase in osteogenic and angiogenic abilities	[105]
Titanium nanotubes				Encapsulating exosomes	Increase in osteogenic abilities	[107]
Hyaluronic acid (HA)	90	14 days	Photoinduced imine cross-linking	Encapsulating exosomes	High water content, swelling behavior, and biocompatibility, modulated 3D networks and high cartilage matrix mimetics, significantly facilitates the migration of cells to and promotes cell deposition at cartilage defect sites	[108]
Hydrogel (2% thermosensitive chitosan)	86	2 days		Encapsulating exosomes	Improvement in in vivo retention and stability of exosomes	[109]
Tricalcium phosphate		5 days			Osteo-inductive biomaterial and a biodegradable ceramic	[80]
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles in chitosan	Sustained release	6 days		Encapsulating exosomes	Angiogenesis antibacterial activity	[104]