Table 1.
Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Patient Groups.
| Characteristics | OC + OT (59 Patients) | NC + OT (22 Patients) | OT (71 Patients) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y − Mean ± SD) | 37.1 ± 11.9 | 42.95 ± 12.66 | 43.5 ± 14.25 | 0.236 | |
| Gender (F/M) | 35 F (59.3%) | 15 F (68.2%) | 40 F (56.4%) | 0.612 | |
| 24 M (40.7%) | 7 M (31.8%) | 31 M (43.6%) | |||
| Current Smoker | 5 (8.5%) | 1 (4.5%) | 11 (15.5%) | 0.254 | |
| History of seasonal allergy | 8 (13.6%) | 4 (18.2%) | 9 (12.7%) | 0.805 | |
| Comorbidities | Diabetes | 0 (0) | 2 (9.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.11 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 2 (3.4%) | 2 (9.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.21 | |
| Hypertension | 5 (8.5%) | 4 (18.2%) | 8 (11.3%) | 0.467 | |
| Thyroid disorder | 4 (6.8%) | 2 (9.1%) | 7 (9.8%) | 0.818 | |
| Renal insufficiency | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 | |
| Liver insufficiency | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 | |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 | |
| Asthma | 2 (3.4%) | 1 (4.5%) | 4 (5.6%) | 0.831 | |
| Reflux | 5 (8.5%) | 2 (9.1%) | 10 (14.1%) | 0.567 | |
| Heart disorder | 0 (0%) | 0 (0) | 3 (4.2%) | 0.532 | |
| Depression | 0 (0%) | 0 (0) | 3 (4.2%) | 0.532 | |
| Neurological disorder | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 | |
| Skin disorder | 5 (8.5%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.153 | |
| Autoimmune disorder | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (5.6%) | 0.381 | |
| General Symptoms (N–%) | Headache | 46 (78%) | 13 (59%) | 53 (74.6%) | 0.222 |
| Cough | 43 (72.9%) | 10 (45.4%) | 56 (78.9%) | 0.02 | |
| Myalgia | 42 (71.2%) | 11 (50%) | 40 (56.3%) | 0.114 | |
| Dyspnea | 21 (35.6%) | 4 (18.2%) | 24 (33.8%) | 0.305 | |
| Fever (>38C) | 35 (59.3%) | 18 (81.8%) | 33 (46.5%) | 0.005 | |
| Arthralgia | 32 (54.2%) | 10 (45.5%) | 35 (49.2%) | 0.808 | |
| Diarrhea | 26 (44.1%) | 9 (40.9%) | 41 (57.7%) | 0.196 | |
| Fatigue | 50 (84.7%) | 15 (68.2%) | 47 (66.2%) | 0.05 | |
| Chest pain | 21 (35.6%) | 4 (18.2%) | 36 (50.7%) | 0.016 | |
| Abdominal pain | 22 (37.3%) | 4 (18.2%) | 20 (28.1%) | 0.217 | |
| Nausea, vomiting | 19 (32.2%) | 6 (27.3%) | 20 (28.1%) | 0.852 | |
| Conjunctivitis | 6 (10.2%) | 1 (4.5%) | 15 (21.1%) | 0.075 | |
| Urticaria | 5 (8.5%) | 0 (0) | 4 (5.6%) | 0.727 | |
| Olfact. disorder onset | SNOT-22 | 34.4 ± 21.2 | 38.3 ± 19.94 | 31.37 ± 13.56 | 0.462 |
| Before other symptoms | 8 (13.5%) | 5 (22.7%) | 17 (23.9%) | 0.065 | |
| During clinical course of the disease | 16 (27.1%) | 6 (27.3%) | 28 (39.4%) | ||
| After other symptoms | 35 (59.3%) | 11 (50%) | 26 (36.6%) | ||
| Taste disorder (self-reported) | 27 (45.7%) | 10 (45.4%) | 38 (53.5%) | 0.628 |
Abbreviations: y = years; F/M = female/male; OC = oral corticosteroids; NC = nasal corticosteroids; OT = olfactory training; SD = standard deviation; SNOT-22 = sinonasal outcome test-22.