Table 2.
Energy, macro- and micronutrients intake (median (IQR)) during observation and semi-controlled diet periods in young and older men.
| YA | OA |
p-Value (Wilcoxon 1) |
p-Value (Wald Test) a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OB Phase | SC Phase | OB Phase | SC Phase | Baseline OA vs. YA | Age Effect | Diet Effect | Interaction | |
| Energy and macronutrients | ||||||||
| Energy, kcal/d | 2321 (2021, 2465) | 1693 (1319, 1889) * | 2433 (2227, 2588) | 2000 (1868, 2564) *# | 0.583 | 0.101 | <0.001 | 0.031 |
| Energy, kJ/d | 9710 (8454, 10,314) | 7081 (5519, 7901) * | 10,178 (9316, 10,827) | 8367 (7815, 10,726) *# | 0.583 | 0.101 | <0.001 | 0.031 |
| Total Fat, g/d | 86.1 (74.4, 99.8) | 51.2 (36.5, 70.9) * | 92.2 (84.7, 98.9) | 73.4 (69.8, 95.6) *# | 0.616 | 0.112 | <0.001 | 0.018 |
| Fat, %E | 34.5 (32.9, 37.0) | 29.9 (24.5, 33.3) * | 35.1 (32.3, 36.1) | 32.2 (30.3, 34.6) * | 0.867 | 0.574 | <0.001 | 0.342 |
| SFA, g/d | 35.3 (29.6, 40.0) | 12.6 (8.0, 14.5) * | 35.6 (27.3, 45.9) | 14.0 (11.5, 18.3) * | 0.650 | 0.173 | <0.001 | 0.211 |
| SFA, % of total fat | 40.4 (35.2, 41.5) | 22.4 (20.8, 24.6) * | 41.0 (35.2, 43.9) | 19.6 (18.4, 21.9) * | 0.830 | 0.529 | <0.001 | 0.192 |
| MUFA, g/d | 27.3 (24.5, 32.2) | 24.0 (14.4, 32.4) | 31.4 (26.3, 36.9) | 37.5 (30.0, 42.8) # | 0.350 | 0.049 | 0.723 | 0.018 |
| MUFA, % of total fat | 32.0 (30.9, 34.3) | 45.1 (39.7, 46.0) * | 34.1 (32.4, 37.8) | 46.0 (42.7, 50.0) * | 0.076 | 0.044 | <0.001 | 0.871 |
| PUFA, g/d | 10.7 (7.8, 12.2) | 9.4 (6.0, 11.5) | 12.3 (9.6, 14.1) | 11.6 (8.9, 14.7) | 0.280 | 0.187 | 0.435 | 0.854 |
| PUFA, % of total fat | 10.9 (9.3, 15.1) | 17.7 (15.3, 22.1) * | 13.5 (11.3, 14.4) | 15.7 (13.2, 19.4) * | 0.185 | 0.869 | <0.001 | 0.085 |
| Carbohydrate, g/d | 214.3 (195.2, 270.0) | 184.4 (163.3, 253.1) * | 240.9 (230.5, 256.8) | 252.5 (199.6, 287.4) # | 0.302 | 0.124 | 0.041 | 0.019 |
| Carbohydrate, %E | 41.8 (35.2, 43.9) | 48.3 (41.9, 52.0) * | 42.8 (39.5, 44.0) | 50.1 (47.2, 51.5) * | 0.830 | 0.590 | <0.001 | 0.761 |
| Protein, g/d | 100.1 (83.7, 115.2) | 76.6 (62.2, 99.2) * | 94.5 (75.7, 105.0) | 85.9 (64.2, 97.1) * | 0.259 | 0.587 | <0.001 | 0.313 |
| Protein, %E | 17.4 (16.1, 19.3) | 20.8 (18.2, 22.5) * | 15.4 (14.1, 16.3) # | 15.9 (13.8, 16.2) # | 0.033 | 0.002 | 0.140 | 0.236 |
| Starch, g/d | 100.0 (80.9, 110.0) | 71.8 (54.0, 110.0) * | 102.8 (85.5, 127.6) | 78.2 (60.3, 114.7) | 0.430 | 0.607 | 0.002 | 0.745 |
| Sugars, g/d | 89.9 (76.7, 101.5) | 89.4 (61.9, 101.1) | 93.5 (83.5, 100.2) | 98.9 (92.7, 116.8) | 0.458 | 0.179 | 0.231 | 0.089 |
| Alcohol, g/d | 10.2 (2.1, 18.6) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) * | 13.3 (4.8, 32.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) * | 0.905 | 0.878 | <0.001 | 0.975 |
| Alcohol, %E | 3.3 (0.6, 5.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) * | 3.7 (1.0, 8.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) * | 0.830 | 0.907 | <0.001 | 0.970 |
| Water, g | 2594 (2005, 2900) | 2299 (2069, 2844) | 2314 (1962, 2645) | 2101 (1864, 2682) | 0.402 | 0.466 | 0.359 | 0.909 |
| Fibre, g/d | 19.5 (16.8, 21.9) | 19.5 (16.7, 22.2) | 21.9 (19.9, 28.0) | 26.8 (17.1, 31.0) | 0.068 | 0.063 | 0.684 | 0.841 |
| Cholesterol, mg/d | 355 (282, 479) | 262 (195, 343) | 323 (267, 435) | 335 (297, 369) | 0.458 | 0.778 | 0.040 | 0.115 |
| Minerals & trace elements | ||||||||
| Na, mg/d | 2571 (2246, 2901) | 887 (684, 1151) * | 2482 (2309, 2622) | 1152 (871, 1615) * | 0.943 | 0.245 | <0.001 | 0.122 |
| K, mg/d | 2932 (2462, 3513) | 2529 (2151, 3257) | 3186 (3132, 3605) | 2873 (2502, 3236) * | 0.259 | 0.346 | 0.001 | 0.695 |
| Mg, mg/d | 302 (268, 383) | 251 (209, 311) * | 347 (292, 395) | 324 (236, 420) | 0.375 | 0.221 | 0.001 | 0.514 |
| P, mg/d | 1456 (1182, 1562) | 1055 (762, 1144) * | 1302 (1240, 1448) | 999 (801, 1190) * | 0.302 | 0.836 | <0.001 | 0.289 |
| Ca, mg/d | 1071 (830, 1261) | 399 (350, 607) * | 1032 (900, 1137) | 498 (415, 664) * | 0.756 | 0.435 | <0.001 | 0.044 |
| Fe, mg/d | 11.9 (9.5, 14.0) | 9.1 (6.6, 12.1) * | 12.3 (10.9, 13.6) | 11.3 (9.3, 12.2) * | 0.650 | 0.323 | 0.001 | 0.525 |
| Vitamins | ||||||||
| Vitamin A, µg RE/d | 773 (559, 1093) | 778 (392, 831) | 1281 (870, 1590) # | 850 (746, 1414) | 0.022 | 0.031 | 0.103 | 0.400 |
| Vitamin B1, mg/d | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.2) * | 1.2 (1, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.239 | 0.637 | 0.001 | 0.068 |
| Vitamin B2, mg/d | 2.0 (1.6, 2.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) * | 1.8 (1.7, 2.1) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) * | 0.905 | 0.471 | <0.001 | 0.177 |
| Vitamin B3 mg/d | 19.7 (15.8, 22.8) | 23.5 (16.5, 26.4) | 17.6 (14.5, 22.5) | 19.0 (14.9, 23.4) | 0.488 | 0.251 | 0.090 | 0.396 |
| Vitamin B5, mg/d | 6.1 (5.5, 7.1) | 4.7 (3.9, 6.0) * | 5.6 (4.6, 6.5) | 4.6 (4.2, 6.2) | 0.350 | 0.696 | 0.001 | 0.312 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/d | 1.9 (1.6, 2.3) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.5, 2.3) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.3) | 0.488 | 0.514 | 0.090 | 0.804 |
| Vitamin B9, µg/d | 308.9 (260.7, 356.7) | 272.3 (219.7, 386.2) | 375.0 (329.9, 390.3) # | 336.7 (257.8, 441.8) | 0.025 | 0.079 | 0.201 | 0.704 |
| Vitamin B12, µg/d | 4.7 (4.0, 8.0) | 4.3 (3.2, 4.9) * | 5.8 (4.2, 14.2) | 9.5 (6.5, 12.5) # | 0.302 | 0.007 | 0.950 | 0.056 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 62.7 (45.7, 98.4) | 105.1 (51.1, 182.9) | 95.2 (81.5, 114.9) | 133.0 (98.4, 156.0) * | 0.085 | 0.142 | 0.001 | 0.993 |
| Vitamin D, µg/d | 4.2 (3.4, 5.4) | 3.3 (2.2, 3.8) | 4.2 (3.6, 5.1) | 5.0 (3.1, 6.1) | 0.943 | 0.235 | 0.159 | 0.209 |
| Vitamin E, mg/d | 9.7 (9.5, 11.7) | 13.5 (10.6, 16.3) * | 12.0 (10.5, 13.5) | 18.1 (14.0, 23.8) * | 0.116 | 0.082 | <0.001 | 0.520 |
Differences in age group at baseline were assessed by a non-paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p-value < 0.05) (Wilcoxon 1); * Significant difference between periods (diet effect, p-value < 0.05) by paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Wilcoxon 2); # Significant difference between groups (age effect, p-value < 0.05) by non-paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Wilcoxon 3); a p-value calculated by Wald Chi-Squared test, statistical significance is indicated in bold when p-value < 0.05. Ca: calcium; %E: percent of total energy; Fe: iron; IQR: interquartile range; K: potassium; Mg: magnesium; MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids; Na: sodium; OA: older adult men; OB: observation; P: phosphorus; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; SC: semi-controlled diet; SFA: Saturated fatty acids; YA: young adult men.